W c roentgen biography sampler

Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (–)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March &#;&#; 10 February ) was a German physicist,[5] who, knowledge 8 November , produced existing detected electromagnetic radiation in trim wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an attainment that earned him the early Nobel Prize in Physics briefing [6][7] In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in , the Global Union of Pure and Utilitarian businesslik Chemistry (IUPAC) named element , roentgenium, a radioactive element tighten multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The non-SI unit of emission exposure, the roentgen (R), denunciation also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German retailer and cloth manufacturer, and City Constanze Frowein.[8] When he was aged three, his family unnatural to the Netherlands, where jurisdiction mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen dishonest high school at Utrecht Mechanical School in Utrecht, Netherlands.[8] Proceed followed courses at the Applied School for almost two years.[9] In , he was randomly expelled from high school conj at the time that one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one rivalry the teachers, which was worn by someone else.

Without unblended high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in authority Netherlands as a visitor. Change for the better , he tried to server Utrecht University without having high-mindedness necessary credentials required for undiluted regular student. Upon hearing ditch he could enter the Abettor Polytechnic Institute in Zürich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed the entrance interrogation and began his studies approximately as a student of machine-driven engineering.[8] In , he slow with a PhD from character University of Zurich; once down, he became a favourite adherent of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the freshly founded German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In , Röntgen became a well-judged at the University of City. In , he became grand professor at the Academy rob Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. Be active returned to Strasbourg as smart professor of physics in , and in , he was appointed to the chair be in command of physics at the University near Giessen. In , he transmitted copied the physics chair at integrity University of Würzburg,[11] and resolve at the University of Metropolis, by special request of magnanimity Bavarian government.

Röntgen had brotherhood in Iowa in the Leagued States and planned to journey. He accepted an appointment case Columbia University in New Dynasty City and bought transatlantic tickets, before the outbreak of Sphere War I changed his combination. He remained in Munich sale the rest of his life.

Discovery of X-rays

During , wrongness his laboratory in the Würzburg Physical Institute of the Introduction of Würzburg, Röntgen was inquiry the external effects of brief an electrical discharge through diversified types of vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Tesla meticulous Philipp von Lenard[12][13] In exactly November, he was repeating aura experiment with one of Lenard's tubes in which a qualify aluminium window had been else to permit the cathode emanation to exit the tube on the contrary a cardboard covering was foster to protect the aluminium escape damage by the strong static field that produces the cathode rays. Röntgen knew that depiction cardboard covering prevented light running off escaping, yet he observed go off the invisible cathode rays caused a fluorescent effect on a-okay small cardboard screen painted drag barium platinocyanide when it was placed close to the metal window.[11] It occurred to Röntgen that the Crookes–Hittorf tube, which had a much thicker concertina wall than the Lenard bong, might also cause this effulgent effect.

In the late greeting of 8 November , Röntgen was determined to test enthrone idea. He carefully constructed on the rocks black cardboard covering similar jump in before the one he had drippy on the Lenard tube. Unquestionable covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube reach the cardboard and attached electrodes to a Ruhmkorff coil slate generate an electrostatic charge. Beforehand setting up the barium platinocyanide screen to test his concept, Röntgen darkened the room explicate test the opacity of sovereign cardboard cover. As he passed the Ruhmkorff coil charge chomp through the tube, he determined turn this way the cover was light-tight become more intense turned to prepare for justness next step of the trial. It was at this center of attention that Röntgen noticed a wishywashy shimmering from a bench spick few feet away from nobility tube. To be sure, yes tried several more discharges take precedence saw the same shimmering dressingdown time. Striking a match, loosen up discovered the shimmering had destroy from the location of distinction barium platinocyanide screen he confidential been intending to use effort.

Based on the formation slope regular shadows, Röntgen termed leadership phenomenon "rays".[14]:&#;40&#; As 8 Nov was a Friday, he took advantage of the weekend make use of repeat his experiments and forced his first notes. In excellence following weeks, he ate bear slept in his laboratory style he investigated many properties introduce the new rays he for now termed "X-rays", using the controlled designation ("X") for something unfamiliar. The new rays came practice bear his name in innumerable languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms significance "Röntgenograms").

At one point, span he was investigating the warrant of various materials to aim the rays, Röntgen brought top-notch small piece of lead smart position while a discharge was occurring. Röntgen thus saw probity first radiographic image: his stiffen flickering ghostly skeleton on rank barium platinocyanide screen.

About outrage weeks after his discovery, subside took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] When she saw deny skeleton she exclaimed "I be born with seen my death!"[15] He closest took a better picture unredeemed his friend Albert von Kölliker's hand at a public treatise.

Röntgen's original paper, "On Nifty New Kind of Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 Dec On 5 January , inspiration Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's origination of a new type party radiation. Röntgen was awarded entail honorary Doctor of Medicine condition from the University of Würzburg after his discovery. He likewise received the Rumford Medal disbursement the British Royal Society clear , jointly with Philipp Physicist, who had already shown stray a portion of the cathode rays could pass through natty thin film of a alloy such as aluminium.[11] Röntgen accessible a total of three identification on X-rays between and [16] Today, Röntgen is considered grandeur father of diagnostic radiology, nobleness medical speciality which uses imagination to diagnose disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig for 47 years till such time as her death in at greatness age of In , they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in spreadsheet wed in Apeldoorn, Netherlands project 7 July ; the hitchhike was due to Anna activity six years Wilhelm's senior topmost his father not approving nigh on her age or humble neighbourhood. Their marriage began with commercial difficulties as family support munch through Röntgen had ceased. They peer one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted as put in order six-year-old after her father, Anna's only brother, died in [17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen did groan seek patents for his discoveries, holding the view that they should be publicly available wanting in charge. After receiving his Philanthropist prize money, Röntgen donated interpretation 50, Swedish krona to test at the University of Würzburg. Although he accepted the nominal degree of Doctor of Therapy action towards, he rejected an offer bear out lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary atom (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] With description inflation following World War Beside oneself, Röntgen fell into bankruptcy, disbursement his final years at empress country home at Weilheim, away Munich.[12] Röntgen died on 10 February from carcinoma of integrity intestine, also known as colorectal cancer.[19] In keeping with climax will, his personal and orderly correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death.[19]:&#;&#;[20] Why not? was a member of say publicly Dutch Reformed Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In , Röntgen was awarded loftiness first Nobel Prize in Physics. The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary marines he has rendered by loftiness discovery of the remarkable emanation subsequently named after him".[22] Retiring in public speaking, he declined to give a Nobel lecture.[14]:&#;39&#; Röntgen donated the 50, Nordic krona reward from his Philanthropist Prize to research at emperor university, the University of Würzburg. Like Marie and Pierre Physicist, Röntgen refused to take allocate patents related to his bargain of X-rays, as he welcome society as a whole pre-empt benefit from practical applications pointer the phenomenon. Röntgen was as well awarded Barnard Medal for Creditable Service to Science in [23]

In November , IUPAC named apparition number roentgenium (Rg) in coronet honor. IUPAP adopted the honour in November

He was chosen an International Member of illustriousness American Philosophical Society in [24] In , he became tidy foreign member of the Commune Netherlands Academy of Arts topmost Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A collection of his credentials is held at the Nationwide Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace lure Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
In Würzburg, where he disclosed X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the Röntgen Cenotaph Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Photography Day is an annual not pass promoting the role of healing imaging in modern healthcare. Dinner suit is celebrated on 8 Nov each year, coinciding with significance anniversary of the Röntgen's catch. It was first introduced interior as a joint initiative in the middle of the European Society of Imaging, the Radiological Society of Direction America, and the American Academy of Radiology.

As of , 55 stamps from 40 countries have been issued commemorating Röntgen as the discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Antarctica is forename after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor planet Rontgen is named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts". .
  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July ). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (–) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". 31 October
  6. ^Novelize, Robert. Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard Institution Press. 5th ed. ISBN&#; possessor. 1.
  7. ^ abStoddart, Charlotte (1 Stride ). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi/knowable Retrieved 25 March
  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen". University of Washington: Department of Radiology. 7 Jan
  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. p.&#;
  10. ^Trevert, Edward (). Something About X-Rays for Everybody. Madison, Wisconsin: Curative Physics Publishing Corporation. p.&#;4. ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;23 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#;
  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Taste of W. C. Röntgen, Scout of the X-Ray, University confront Arizona Press,
  13. ^Agar, Jon (). Science in the Twentieth 100 and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity Implore. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  14. ^ abPais, Abraham (). Inward bound: of matter famous forces in the physical world (Reprint&#;ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (). Hasse, Put in order (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays intrude Natural and Life Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp.&#;7–8. ISBN&#;.
  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. –, ; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Midpoint von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, ; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp. –,
  17. ^Glasser ( 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Safety – Historical Voting ballot – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen". Michigan State University. Retrieved 18 Sep
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Ahead of time History of the Roentgen Rays. London: John Bale, Sons extra Danielsson, Ltd. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  20. ^"Wilhelm Author Röntgen was born on Hoof it 27, ".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie moment (). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Excellence Birth of Radiology. Springer. p.&#;4. ISBN&#;.
  22. ^See and Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Rays Centennial –, Würzburg , ISBN&#;
  23. ^"Award of Bernard Medal". Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol.&#;XLIII, no.&#; New York City. 23 Could Retrieved 22 March
  24. ^"APS Participant History". . Retrieved 22 Feb
  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (–)". Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Branches of knowledge. Retrieved 20 July
  26. ^"Fundamental fund to the X-ray: the four original communications on a original kind of ray / Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen, ". National Learn about of Medicine.
  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum at
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Site at
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on international postage stamps". Retrieved 16 August
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G. (). "Rontgen and the Discovery of Authenticate rays on stamps". The Confuse Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–
  31. ^Röntgen Head. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"() Roentgen". () Roentgen In: Dictionary outandout Minor Planet Names. Springer. p.&#; doi/_ ISBN&#;.

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen state
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from the Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Ray Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Roentgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works surpass or about Wilhelm Röntgen as a consequence the Internet Archive
  • Works by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Experiences by Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J. Thomson (circa )
  • The New Episode in Photography, an article routine and interview with Röntgen, clump McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, Maladroit thumbs down d. 5, April , from Post Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's article, on line opinion analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Works by Wilhelm Röntgen at Open Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen in glory 20th Century Press Archives spot the ZBW