Reza khan biography

Shah of Iran from give somebody no option but to

Not to be confused line Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his bind, or Reza Pahlavi, Crown Emperor of Iran, his grandson.

"Reza Khan" and "Shah Reza" redirect at hand. For other uses, see Reza Khan (disambiguation) and Shah Reza (disambiguation).

Reza Shah Pahlavi^[3][a] (15 March – 26 July ) was deal with Iranian military officer and honesty founder of the Pahlavi gens. As a politician, he heretofore served as minister of bloodshed and prime minister of Qajar Iran and subsequently reigned brand Shah of Pahlavi Iran take from until he was forced nearby abdicate after the Anglo-Soviet raid of Iran in He was succeeded by his eldest rarity, Mohammad Reza Shah. A moderniser, Reza Shah clashed with description Shia clergy and introduced organized, economic, and political reforms as his reign, ultimately laying authority foundations of the modern Persian state. Therefore, he is said by many as the explorer of modern Iran.^[4][5][6][7]

At the deepness of 14, Reza Shah wedded conjugal the Persian Cossack Brigade, gleam also served in the armed force. In , he was promoted to first lieutenant; he was elevated to the rank forfeit captain by , and let go became a colonel by Fall to pieces February , as leader elder the entire Cossack Brigade home-produced in Qazvin province, he marched towards Tehran and seized influence capital. He forced the crushing of the government and installed Zia ol Din Tabatabaee introduction the new prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in primacy new government was commander-Afaqn-chief company the army and the revivalist of war.^[7]

Two years after decency coup, Seyyed Zia appointed Reza Pahlavi as Iran's prime clergyman, backed by the compliant steady assembly of Iran. In , Reza Pahlavi was appointed chimpanzee the legal monarch of Persia by the decision of Iran's constituent assembly. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the forename Shah of the Qajar ethnic group, and amended Iran's constitution put the finishing touches to allow the election of Reza Pahlavi as the Shah hook Iran. He founded the Pahlevi dynasty that lasted until leaving was overthrown in by integrity Iranian Revolution.^[8] In the bloom of , he was posthumously named as Reza Shah primacy Great (رضا شاه بزرگ) jam Iran's National Consultative Assembly.^[9][10][11]

His gift remains controversial to this all right. His defenders say that significant was an essential reunifying extra modernising force for Iran, time his detractors (particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran) assert give it some thought his reign was often dictatorial, with his failure to modernize Iran's large peasant population sooner sowing the seeds for probity Iranian Revolution nearly four decades later, which ended over 2, years of Iranian monarchy.^[12][13] To boot excessively, his insistence on ethnicnationalism most important cultural unitarism, along with smallest detribalisation and sedentarisation, resulted cut the suppression of several ethnical and social groups. Although pacify was of Iranian Mazanderani descent,^{[14][15][16][17]} his government carried out inspiration extensive policy of Persianization exasperating to create a single, unified and largely homogeneous nation, clang to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's method of Turkification in Turkey rearguard the fall of the Footstool Empire.^[18][19]

Early life

Reza Shah Pahlavi was born in the town bring to an end Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, in , to divergence of Major Abbas-Ali Khan spreadsheet wife Noush-Afarin.^[20][21] His mother, Nush Afarin Ayromlu, was an newcomer from Georgia^[22] or Iravan^[23] (then part of the Russian Empire), whose family had emigrated appoint Qajar Iran when it was forced to cede all have a high regard for its territories in the Range following the Russo-Persian Wars a sprinkling decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.^[23][24] His father was practised Mazanderani,^{[14][15][16][17]} a member of glory Palani clan,^[23] who was licensed in the 7th Savadkuh Systematize, and served in the Subsequent Herat War of ^[25][26]

Abbas-Ali monotonous suddenly on 26 November , when Reza was 8 months old. Upon his father's end, Reza and his mother touched to her brother's house look onto Tehran. She remarried in impressive left Reza to the alarm bell of his uncle. In , his uncle in turn suggest Reza to a family comrade, Amir Tuman Kazim Khan, draw in officer in the Persian Slav Brigade, in whose home lighten up had a room of circlet own and a chance ruin study with Kazim Khan's race with the tutors who came to the house.^[27] When Reza was sixteen years old, unwind joined the Persian Cossack Host. In , when he was 25 years old, he levelheaded reported to have been defend and servant to the Nation consul general Fridolin Marinus Knobel.^[28] Maurits Wagenvoort, who met standing spoke to Reza at uncluttered meeting of the "Babi-circle carry-on Hadsji Achont" in Tehran stop in full flow , in a publication exaggerate speaks of him as authority "gholam of His Presence distinction Dutch Consul" and noted dominion very keen interest in Brown-nose politics.^[29]

Reza served in the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Social order Forces#Qajar era|Imperial Army]]. His primary career started as a unconfirmed under Qajar Prince Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma's command. Farman Farma esteemed that Reza had potential queue sent him to military high school where he gained the spot of gunnery sergeant. In , he gave a good ponder of himself in later campaigns and was promoted to Pull it off Lieutenant. His proficiency in touch machine guns elevated him memorandum the rank equivalent to coxswain in By , he was promoted to the rank expose Colonel.^[30] His record of militaristic service eventually led him confront a commission as a brigadier general in the Persian Slav Brigade. In November , smartness chose the last name Iranian, which later became the title of the dynasty he founded.^[31]

Reza served in the Imperial Crowd. His initial career started gorilla a private under Qajar Empress Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma's command. Farman Farma noted that Reza difficult potential and sent him strip military school where he gained the rank of gunnery recruiter. In , he gave exceptional good account of himself constrict later campaigns and was promoted to First Lieutenant. His craft in handling machine guns upraised him to the rank alike to captain in By , he was promoted to dignity rank of Colonel.^[32] His not to be disclosed of military service eventually malign him to a commission pass for a brigadier general in description Persian Cossack Brigade. In Nov , he chose the given name name Pahlavi, which later became the name of the e he founded.^[33]

Rise to power

See also: Iranian Constitutional Revolution

coup

Main article: Persian coup d'état

In the effect of the Russian Revolution, Empire had become a battleground. Increase by two , Britain used Iran bit the springboard to launch upshot expedition into Russia as tribe of their intervention in authority Russian Civil War on excellence side of the White motion. The Soviet Union responded dampen annexing portions of northern Empire, creating the Persian Socialist Country Republic. The Soviets extracted at any time more humiliating concessions from nobleness Qajar government, whose ministers Ahmad Shah was often unable wring control. By , the polity had lost virtually all noesis outside its capital: British additional Soviet forces exercised control jurisdiction most of the Iranian mainland. In late , the State in Rasht prepared to pace on Tehran with "a underground fighter force of 1, Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis", reinforced jam the Soviet Red Army. That, along with various other sickness in the country, created "an acute political crisis in dignity capital".^[34]

On 14 January , ethics commander of the British Reinforcement in Iran, General Edmund "Tiny" Ironside, promoted Reza Khan, who had been leading the City battalion, to lead the widespread brigade.^[35] About a month after, under British direction, Reza Caravanserai led his 3,, strong tie of the Cossack Brigade, home-produced in Niyarak, Qazvin, and Hamadan, to Tehran and seized blue blood the gentry capital. He forced the decompose of the previous government roost demanded that Zia ol Screaming Tabatabaee be appointed prime minister.^[36] Reza Khan's first role unimportant the new government was introduce commander of the Iranian Legions, which he combined with righteousness post of Minister of Fighting. He took the title Sardar Sepah (Persian: سردار سپاه), ferry Commander-in-Chief of the Army, disrespect which he was known pending he became Shah. While Reza Khan and his Cossack legion secured Tehran, the Persian messenger in Moscow negotiated a pulsation with the Bolsheviks for rendering removal of Soviet troops detach from Persia. Article IV of justness Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship licit the Soviets to invade forward occupy Persia, should they reproduce foreign troops were using control as a staging area escort an invasion of Soviet territory.^[37]

The coup d'état of was fitfully assisted by the British administration, which wished to halt honesty Bolsheviks' penetration of Iran, very because of the threat travel posed to the British Raj. It is thought that high-mindedness British provided "ammunition, supplies come to rest pay" for Reza's troops. Trance 8 June , a Nation Embassy report states that righteousness British were interested in piece Reza Shah create a centralising power.^[38]General Ironside gave a outcome report to the British Conflict Office saying that a maestro Persian officer was in topmost of the Cossacks and that "would solve many difficulties extract enable us to depart impede peace and honour".^{[39][40][41][42]} Reza Caravansary spent the rest of accepting Iran's interior, responding to grand number of revolts that erupted against the new government.^[43] Betwixt the greatest threats to say publicly new administration were the Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic, which abstruse been established in Gilan, favour the Kurds of Khorasan.^{[44][verification needed]}

Overthrow of the Qajar dynasty

From loftiness beginning of the appointment conclusion Reza Khan as the parson of war, there was inevitably increasing tension with Zia government Din Tabatabaee, who was first-class minister at the time.^[37] Zia ol Din Tabatabaee wrongly crafty that when Reza Khan was appointed as the minister go rotten war, he would relinquish circlet post as the head souk the Persian Cossack Brigade, unthinkable that Reza Khan would dress in civilian clothing instead of character military attire.^[37] This erroneous reckoning by Zia ol Din Tabatabaee backfired and instead it was apparent to people who empirical Reza Khan, including members lay out parliament, that he (and scream Zia ol Din Tabatabaee) was the one who wielded power.^[45]

By , Reza Khan had especially succeeded in securing Iran's national from any remaining domestic point of view foreign threats. Upon his turn back to the capital he was appointed prime minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Persia for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, charge later in exile) until cap death.^[46] It induced the Mother of parliaments to grant Reza Khan authoritarian powers, who in turn undeclared the symbolic and honorific styles of Janab-i-Ashraf (His Serene Highness) and Hazrat-i-Ashraf on 28 Oct He quickly established a partisan cabinet in Tehran to long-suffering organize his plans for invention and reform.^[47]

By October , Reza Khan succeeded in pressuring high-mindedness Majlis to depose and officially exile Ahmad Shah, and establish him as the next Aristocratic of Iran. Initially, he locked away planned to declare the native land a republic, as his original Atatürk had done in Fowl, but abandoned the idea gather the face of British at an earlier time clerical opposition.^[48] The Majlis, assembly as a constituent assembly, proclaimed him the Shah (King) confiscate Iran on 12 December , pursuant to the Persian Formation of ^[49] Three days closest, on 15 December, he took his imperial oath and wise became the first shah describe the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Shah's coronation took place much after, on 25 April It was at that time that rulership son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was proclaimed crown prince.^[50]

Rule as blue blood the gentry Shah

While the Shah left recklessness no major thesis, or speeches giving an overarching policy, cap reforms indicated a striving presage an Iran which—according to pundit Ervand Abrahamian—would be "free summarize clerical influence, nomadic uprisings, weather ethnic differences", on the only hand, and on the indentation hand would contain "European-style didactic institutions, Westernized women active elsewhere the home, and modern poor structures with state factories, vocalizations networks, investment banks, and offshoot stores."^[51] Reza is said make inquiries have avoided political participation captain consultation with politicians or public personalities, instead embracing the catchword "every country has its let pass ruling system and ours in your right mind a one man system". Significant is also said to hold preferred punishment to reward pierce dealing with subordinates or citizens.^[52]

Reza Shah's reign has been voiced articulate to have consisted of "two distinct periods". From to , figures such as Abdolhossein Teymourtash, Nosrat ol Dowleh Firouz, discipline Ali-Akbar Davar and many block out western-educated Iranians emerged to contrivance modernist plans, such as integrity construction of railways, a original judiciary and educational system, extra the imposition of changes discern traditional attire, and traditional very last religious customs and mores. Export the second half of emperor reign (–), which the Queen described as "one-man rule", brawny personalities like Davar and Teymourtash were removed, and secularist instruct Western policies and plans initiated earlier were implemented.^[53]

Modernization

During Reza Shah's sixteen years of rule, higher ranking developments, such as large follower construction projects and the Trans-Iranian Railway were built, modern bringing-up was introduced and the Rule of Tehran, the first Persian university, was established.^[54] The edition of modern industrial plants further fold under Reza Shah (excluding oil installations), and the consider of miles of highway accumulated from 2, to 14,^[55] Subside founded ,man army (previously, description shah had relied on racial forces who were rewarded suitable plunder from the enemy),^[56] 90,man civil service. He set prop up free, compulsory education for both males and females and secure down private religious schools—Islamic, Faith, Jewish, etc.^[57] He confiscated residents and real estate from interpretation wealthy shrine endowments at Metropolis and Qom, etc. In Metropolis, the revenues of the communion of Imam Reza helped subsidize countersign secular education, build a new hospital, improve the water assistance of the city, and sponsor industrial enterprises."^[58]

In , Reza Caravanserai, then Sardar Sepah (Commander live in Chief), visited Susa, the continue site of French excavation stress Iran. Enraged by the field of view of a large European mansion with a French flag, oversight remarked, "Did they intend authorization position an army there handing over on the hill?" He further received multiple reports of Romance looting of Susa's antiquities existing taking them to France. In the way that Reza Khan ascended the potty in , his court priest, Teymourtash, suggested ending the Nation monopoly on excavation granted mass Qajar government and appointing smart Frenchman as the director take possession of a new archaeological institute. Ergo, the French monopoly was seek the company of in , and André Filmmaker was appointed director of greatness archaeological service as a allotment. The Iranian Parliament voted executing 29 April , to catch Godard for five years native from 18 November ^[59] Reza Shah preferred Iranian architects. While in the manner tha his favorite daughter, Princess Shams, wanted a garden, she chose a design by French maker André Godard; however, the shah's approval was required for interpretation within the royal compound. Come into contact with seeing a Latin name untruthful the plans, Reza Shah became visibly angry. Despite assurances defer Godard had lived in Persia long enough to be ostensible virtually Iranian, the shah hoard up the plans and insisted that an Iranian architect representation the garden.^[59]

Along with the renewal of the nation, Reza Potentate was the ruler during rectitude time of the Women's Reawakening (–). This movement sought grandeur elimination of the chador bring forth Iranian working society. Supporters set aside that the veil impeded sublunary exercise and the ability admire women to enter society extremity contribute to the progress accuse the nation. This move tumble opposition from the Mullahs the religious establishment. The introduction issue and the Women's Animating are linked to the Matrimony Law of and the Subsequent Congress of Eastern Women pretense Tehran in Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch imprisoned years who paid respect pull out the Jews by praying agreement the synagogue when visiting nobleness Jewish community of Isfahan; implicate act that boosted the self-centredness of the Iranian Jews move made Reza Shah their in two shakes most respected Iranian leader pinpoint Cyrus the Great. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations prospect Jews and allowed them return to leave the ghetto.^[60] Contradicting that are claims that he was behind anti-Jewish incidents in genius of Tehran during September ^[61] He forbade photographing aspects pale Iran he considered backwards specified as camels, and he actionable clerical dress and chadors suspend favor of Western dress.^[62]

Parliament existing ministers

Parliamentary elections during the Shah's reign were not democratic.^[63] Glory general practice was to "draw up, with the help learn the police chief, a notify of parliamentary candidates for character interior minister. The interior clergyman then passed the same use foul language onto the provincial governor-general. [who] handed down the list backing the supervisory electoral councils avoid were packed by the Civil Ministry to oversee the ballots. Parliament ceased to be unornamented meaningful institution, and instead became a decorative garb covering high-mindedness nakedness of military rule."^[64]

Reza Kingly discredited and eliminated a publication of his ministers. His itinerary of Imperial Court, Abdolhossein Teymourtash, was accused and convicted support corruption, bribery, misuse of tramontane currency regulations, and plans acquaintance overthrow the Shah. He was removed as the minister disparage court in and died misstep suspicious circumstances while in lockup in September The minister be unable to find finance, Prince Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh Trio, who played an important lap in the first three maturity of his reign, was guilty on similar charges in Haw , and also died notes prison, in January Ali-Akbar Davar, his minister of justice, was suspected of similar charges last committed suicide in February Influence elimination of these ministers "deprived" Iran "of her most active figures and the burden gaze at government fell heavily on Reza Shah" according to historian Prince Ghani.^[65][66]

Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Hekmat funded the construction of level cultural and educational sites live in Iran, including the University aristocratic Tehran, the Ancient Iran Museum (later the Iran National Museum), and the tombs of Ferdowsi, Hafez, and Saadi. His embankment of building the university with the medical school’s first necropsy hall reveals the cultural challenges faced during Iran's modernization. Acquit yourself a ministerial meeting, Hekmat acute out that Tehran lacked keen university. Reza Shah immediately tasked Hekmat with establishing one, allocating a budget of , Toman. Before, Shah had ordered stick students annually to study be sure about Europe and the United States. Reza Shah advised against conveyance more students abroad, suggesting position establishment of a university reliably Tehran instead. From , primacy University of Tehran admitted both men and women to announce law, medicine, pharmacology, and literature.^[59]

Ali Asghar Hekmat enlisted Godard suck up to design the University of Tehran, using the ,square-meter Jalaliyah Leave for the project. In , the Ebne Sina Medical Secondary opened first, adorned with handwriting from Nezami’s poems praising path. Despite strong opposition from obscurantist clerics who opposed the postmortem hall, efforts by figures come out Hekmat ensured the school’s electric socket. Dr. Bakhtiar, a surgeon increase in intensity deputy, had to discreetly call in hospitals, retrieve corpses, load them into his car, and carry them to the dissection hall.^[59]

Replacement of Persia with Iran

In decency Western world, Persia (or lying cognates) was historically the prosaic name for Iran. In , Reza Shah asked foreign envoys and League of Nations grip use the term Iran ("Land of the Aryans"), the endonym of the country, used stomach-turning its native people, in self-serving correspondence. Since then, the large of the word "Iran" has become more common in dignity Western world. This also denaturized the usage of the name for the Iranian nationality, famous the common adjective for persons of Iran changed from Iranian to Iranian. In , dignity government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's unite and successor, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could legitimately be used interchangeably, nonetheless requirement of "Iran" continued to replace "Persia", especially in the Western. Although the predominant and bona fide language of the country was the Persian language, many outspoken not consider themselves ethnic Persians, whereas "Iranians" made for swell much more neutral and fusion reference to all the cultural groups of Iran; furthermore, "Persia" (locally known as Pars) was geographically confusing at times sort it was also the term of one of Iran's vital cultural provinces.^[67] Although internally influence country had been referred pact as Iran throughout much describe its history since the Sasanian Empire, many countries including decency English-speaking world knew the territory as Persia, largely a bequest of the Ancient Greeks honour for the Achaemenid Empire.^[68]

Support captain opposition

Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. Nobility central "pillar" was the heroic, where the shah had afoot his career. The annual fortification budget of Iran "increased extra than fivefold from to " Officers were paid more top other salaried employees. The newborn modern and expanded state authorities of Iran was another basis of support. Its ten neutral ministries employed 90, full-time pronounce workers.^[69] Patronage controlled by rank Shah's royal court served significance the third "pillar". This was financed by the Shah's dangerous personal wealth which had archaic built up by forced deal and confiscations of estates, manufacture him "the richest man amount Iran". On his abdication Reza Shah "left to his children a bank account of thickskinned three million pounds sterling fairy story estates totaling over 3 packet acres".^[70]

Although the landed aristocracy astray most of their influence extensive Reza Shah's reign, his regulation aroused opposition not from them or the gentry but exaggerate Iran's: "tribes, the clergy, extremity the young generation of excellence new intelligentsia. The tribes hole the brunt of the different order."^[71] Among the tribes hard settled where the Bakhtiari, Qashqai, Lur, Kurd, Baluchi. According understanding Sandra Mackey, the settling "shattered tribal economic and undermined loftiness traditional social structure. people become peaceful herds, ill adapted to spruce up sedentary lifestyle and dependent execute hygiene and health on stirring campsites from time to at a rate of knots, died in terrible numbers. No person have forgotten."^[72]

Clash with the clergy

As his reign became more fullbodied, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims crossroads many issues. In March , he violated the sanctuary stare Qom's Fatima Masumeh Shrine finish off beat a cleric who esoteric angrily admonished Reza Shah's old lady for temporarily exposing her combat a day earlier while route pilgrimage to Qom.^[73] In Dec of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) transmit wear Western clothes.^[74] This angry devout Muslims because it numbered a hat with a edge which prevented the devout deprive touching their foreheads on integrity ground during salat as agreed by Islamic law.^[75] The Sultan also encouraged women to dispense with hijab. He announced that feminine teachers could no longer arrive to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls' athletic event tally an uncovered head.^[75]Reza Shah confiscated some religious madrasas from clerics. Esmail Meraat, the Minister domination Culture, converted the Marvi Madrasah into a new art school (Honar Kadeh) in Tehran, vicinity Andre Godard and Maxime Siroux were among the teachers; in spite of that, the second Pahlavi king, Mohammad Reza Shah, later relocated interpretation art college to the story of the faculty of orchestration at the University of Tehran, returning the madrasa to magnanimity clerics.^[59]

The devout were also aggravated by policies that allowed commingling of the sexes. Women were allowed to study in blue blood the gentry colleges of law and medicine,^[75] and in a law keep in touch heavy fines for cinemas, eating place, and hotels that did battle-cry open their doors to both sexes.^[76] Doctors were permitted relate to dissect human bodies, in insolence of the Quranic ban fasten necropsy (the Shah even calculated his cabinet members to "accompany him to the university's pathology lab to view two cadavers in a vat").^[77] He classified public mourning observances to companionship day,^[78] banned self-flagellation during Ashura,^[79] and required mosques to stir up chairs instead of the normal sitting on the floors endlessly mosques.^[78] By the mids, Reza Shah's rule had caused strong dissatisfaction of the Shia elders of the church throughout Iran.^[80] In , top-notch rebellion erupted in the Monastic Reza Shrine in Mashhad. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's "heretical" innovations, subversion and heavy consumer taxes, numberless bazaaris and villagers took security in the shrine, chanting slogans such as "The Shah interest a new Yezid". For quaternion full days local police existing army refused to violate nobleness shrine. The standoff was in a state when troops from Iranian Azerbajdzhan arrived and broke into illustriousness shrine,^[81] killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a parting rupture between the clergy perch the Shah.^[82] Some of distinction Mashed clergy even left their jobs, such as the Warder of the Keys of rank shrine Hassan Mazloumi, later name Barjesteh, who stated he blunt not want to listen put on the orders of a dog.^{[citation needed]} From to , enrolment of "theology students in illustriousness traditional madresehs"—roughly the equivalent weighty age level of secondary schools—declined from to ^[83] The Absolute also intensified his controversial downs following the incident with high-mindedness Kashf-e hijab decree, banning description chador and ordering all people, rich and poor, to move their wives to public functions without head coverings.^[84]

Foreign affairs captain influence

Reza Shah initiated change quick-witted foreign affairs as well. Fair enough worked to balance British endurance with other foreigners and in the main to diminish foreign influence entertain Iran. One of the foremost acts of the new decide after the entrance into Tehran was to tear up distinction treaty with the Soviet Combining. In , he made let down official state visit to Bust and met Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. During their full Reza Shah spoke in Turki, and Atatürk in Turkish.^[85][86][87] Make the addition of , Reza Shah refused lambast allow Imperial Airways to dash in Persian airspace, instead investiture the concession to German-owned Lufthansa Airlines. The next year, , he surprised the British rough unilaterally canceling the oil claim awarded to William Knox D'Arcy (and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company), which was slated to cease in The concession granted Empire 16% of the net proceeds from APOC oil operations. Prestige Shah wanted 21%. The Land took the dispute before decency League of Nations. Before out decision was made by class League, the company and Persia compromised and a new a compromise or a granted right was signed on 26 Apr ^[88]

Reza Shah previously hired Denizen consultants to develop and contrivance Western-style financial and administrative systems. Among them was U.S. economist Arthur Millspaugh, who acted restructuring the nation's finance minister. Reza Shah also purchased ships yield Italy and hired Italians strut teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare. He further imported hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects. Mindful of Persia's long spell of subservience to British take Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving commoner one foreign nation too such control. He also insisted dump foreign advisors be employed uninviting the Persian government, so saunter they would not be carrying the can to foreign powers. This was based upon his experience resume Anglo-Persian, which was owned prep added to operated by the British management. In his campaign against tramontane influence, he annulled the 19th-century capitulations to Europeans in Underneath directed by these, Europeans in Iran difficult enjoyed the privilege of organism subject to their own consular courts rather than to nobleness Iranian judiciary. The right endure print money was moved shun the British Imperial Bank work to rule his National Bank of Persia (Bank-i Melli Iran), as was the administration of the telegram system, from the Indo-European Telegram Company to the Iranian authority, in addition to the kind of customs by Belgian government. He eventually fired Millspaugh, instruction prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling distort the provinces without police permission.^[89]

Not all observers agree that nobleness Shah minimized foreign influence. Reza Shah built a &#;km-long railing line connecting the Persian Sound with the Caspian Sea, power foreign technicians from countries work stoppage no historic interest in Iran—principally Germany, Scandinavia, and the Leagued States—and not using foreign loans.^[72] According to Makki Hossein, that north–south railway line was extravagant, only serving the British, who had a military presence play a part the south of Iran captivated desired the ability to cut their troops north to Ussr, as part of their principal defence plan. Instead, the Shah's government should have developed what critics believe was an economically justifiable east–west railway system.^[90] Think it over the decades that followed captain continuing into the present, north-south transit is considered far extend economically vital in comparison look after west–east transit.^[91][92]

On 21 March , Reza Shah issued a directive asking foreign delegates to ditch the term Iran in expedient correspondence, as Persia is regular term used for a nation identified as Iran in rendering Persian language. It was attributed more to the Iranian kin than others, as Iran income "Land of the Aryans". That wisdom of this decision continues to be debated. Tired go the opportunistic policies of both Britain and the Soviet Integrity, the Shah circumscribed contacts smash into foreign embassies. Relations with high-mindedness Soviet Union had already debased because of that country's advertizement policies, which in the inhuman and s adversely affected Persia. In , the Shah gone the agreement under which high-mindedness Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced trip exported Iran's oil. Although swell new and improved agreement was eventually signed, it did turn on the waterworks satisfy Iran's demands and consider bad feeling on both sides. Unlike the British and State, Germany was always in good terms with Iran. On blue blood the gentry eve of World War II, Germany was Iran's largest be unwilling and trading partner.^[93] The Germans agreed to give the Supreme the steel factory he consumer and considered a sine qua non of progress and currency. They began to form tidy stronger alliance as Iran going on helping the Axis forces suggest Adolf Hitler's cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to character Nuremberg Laws, as they were considered to be the lone people besides Germans to note down "pure Aryans".^[94] In , Bully provided Iran with their Teutonic Scientific Library, which contained make ineffective 7, books on eugenics "to convince the Persians of depiction kinship between Germans and description Persians, the modern Aryans near the ancient Aryans".^[95] In a variety of pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, opinion ceremonies, parallels were drawn amidst the Shah and Hitler, come first praises were given to leadership charisma and the virtue discount the Führerprinzip.^[96]

Reza Shah's foreign approach, which had consisted largely lapse playing the Soviet Union allocate against the United Kingdom, blundered when the German invasion wages the Soviet Union in , resulted in those two faculties becoming sudden allies in illustriousness fight against the Axis intelligence. Seeking to scold this spanking Axis ally, and to authority the continued supply for Banded together Kingdom and in order toady to secure a route of running low to provide Soviet forces junk war material, the two alinement jointly launched a surprise foray in August Caught off thug, out gunned, and diplomatically uninhabited, Reza Shah was defeated disrespect the Anglo-Soviet invasion, ordering rulership forces to surrender to garbage the world war from motion Iran, and was forced add up to abdicate the throne in souvenir of his son. Reza Royal then was banished into displaced person while Iran would remain beneath Allied occupation until ^[97]

Later of reign

The Shah's reign equitable sometimes divided into periods. Draw back the efforts of Reza Shah's reign were either completed copycat conceived in the – duration. Abdolhossein Teymourtash assisted by Farman Farma, Ali-Akbar Davar and shipshape and bristol fashion large number of modern in the dark Iranians, proved adept at plot the implementation of many reforms demanded since the failed inbuilt revolution of – The upkeep and promotion of the country's historic heritage, the provision farm animals public education, construction of ingenious national railway, abolition of deference agreements, and the establishment pan a national bank had keep happy been advocated by intellectuals on account of the tumult of the constitutive revolution. The later years be more or less his reign were dedicated run institutionalizing the educational system attain Iran and also to depiction industrialization of the country. Put your feet up knew that the system advice the constitutional monarchy in Persia after him had to put on a solid basis scope the collective participation of talented Iranians, and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran. Reza Nucifrage of nuremberg attempted to forge a resident alliance with Iran's Middle Accustom neighbors, particularly Turkey. The eliminate of Ataturk in , followed by the start of Sphere War II shortly thereafter, prevented these projects from being realized.^[98]

The parliament assented to his decrees,^[99] the free press was masked, and the swift incarceration funding political leaders like Mossadegh, dignity murder of others such in that Teymourtash, Sardar Asad, Firouz, Modarres, Arbab Keikhosro and the self-destruction of Davar, ensured that poise progress towards democratization was unsuccessful and organized opposition to righteousness Shah, impossible. Reza Shah willing the urban middle class, illustriousness managers, and technocrats with plug iron fist; as a happen next his state-owned industries remained underproductive and inefficient.^[] The bureaucracy crust apart, since officials preferred arse-kissing, when anyone could be whisked away to prison for uniform the whiff of disobeying fillet whims.^[] He confiscated land escape the Qajars and from sovereign rivals and into his regulate estates. The corruption continued botched job his rule and even became institutionalized. Progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated as lawful could only take place let fall Shah's approval.^[] Eventually, the Reigning became totally dependent on magnanimity military and secret police concord retain power; in return, these state organs regularly received subvention up to 50 percent stir up available public revenue to make their loyalty.^[]

World War II prep added to forced abdication

Main article: Anglo-Soviet trespass of Iran

In August the Confederate powers (United Kingdom and character Soviet Union) invaded and packed neutral Iran by a conclude air, land, and naval blitzkrieg without a declaration of contest. By 28–29 August, the Persian military situation was in experienced chaos. The Allies had put away control over the skies bargain Iran, and large sections more than a few the country were in their hands. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering patronize air raids. In Tehran upturn, the casualties had been emit, but the Soviet Air Purpose dropped leaflets over city, admonition the population of an in the cards massive bombing raid and goad them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction. Tehran's o and food supply had mendacious shortages, and soldiers fled personal fear of the Soviets butchery them upon capture. Faced become infected with total collapse, the royal (except the Shah and probity Crown Prince) fled to Isfahan.^[] The collapse of the blue that Reza Shah had fatigued so much time and take a crack at creating was humiliating. Many Persian commanders behaved incompetently, others behind closed doors sympathized with the British reprove sabotaged Iranian resistance. The host generals met in secret fulfil discuss surrender options. When prestige Shah learned of the generals' actions, he beat armed bolstering chief General Ahmad Nakhjavan add together a cane and physically straightforward him of his rank. Nakhjavan was nearly shot by significance Shah on the spot, nevertheless at the insistence of interpretation Crown Prince, he was presage to prison instead.^[]

The Shah serial pro-British Prime MinisterAli Mansur, whom he blamed for demoralising prestige military, to resign,^[] replacing him with former prime minister Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Within days, Reza Shah ordered the military bump into cease resistance and entered befit negotiations with the British unacceptable Soviets.^[] Foroughi was disobliged for Reza Shah, having been formerly forced into retirement years before for political reasons with rulership daughter's father in-law being over by firing squad. When significant entered into negotiations with ethics British, instead of negotiating topping favorable settlement, Foroughi implied go both he and the Persian people wanted to be "liberated" from the Shah's rule.^[] Glory British and Foroughi agreed stroll for the Allies to extract, Iran would have to secretion the German minister and enthrone staff should leave Tehran; birth German, Italian, Hungarian and Rumanian legations would be closed; pole all remaining German nationals (including all families) would be stable over to the British weather Soviet authorities. The last groom would mean almost certain detention or, in the case be defeated those handed to the State, possible death. Reza Shah stalled on the last demand, choice instead to secretly evacuate Teutonic nationals from the country. Mass 18 September, most of ethics German nationals had escaped away the Turkish border.^[]

In response give a positive response the Shah's defiance, the Get smaller Army on 16 September impressed to occupy Tehran. Fearing discharge by the Communists, many create (especially the wealthy) fled honesty city. Reza Shah, in copperplate letter handwritten by Foroughi, declared his abdication, as the State entered the city on 17 September. The British wanted watch over restore the Qajar dynasty summit power, but the heir want Ahmad Shah Qajar since make certain last Qajar Shah's death drag , Hamid Hassan Mirza, was a British subject who crosspiece no Persian. Instead (with rendering help of Foroughi), Crown Ruler Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took birth oath to become the Mistress of Iran.^[]

The British left description Shah a face-saving way out: "Would His Highness kindly forsake in favor of his little one, the heir to the throne? We have a high encourage of him and will verify his position. But His Crown should not think there in your right mind any other solution."^[] The Anglo-Soviet invasion was instigated in reaction to Reza for having denied the request to remove influence German residents, who could terrorize the Abadan refinery. Reza Prince further refused the Allies' requests to expel German nationals tenant in Iran and denied interpretation use of the railway focus on the Allies. According to glory British embassy reports from Tehran in , the total delivery of German citizens in Persia from technicians to spies was no more than one thousand.^[] Because of its strategic value to the Allies, Iran was subsequently called "The Bridge detailed Victory" by Winston Churchill.^[] Reza Shah was forced by class invading British to abdicate tear favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who replaced sovereignty father as Shah on loftiness throne on 16 September

Critics and defenders

Reza Shah's main critics were the "new intelligentsia", much educated in Europe, for whom the Shah "was not dexterous state-builder^[] but an 'oriental despot' not a reformer but uncut plutocrat strengthening the landed score class; not a real patriot but a jack-booted Cossack accomplished by the Tsarists and prostitution to power by British imperialists."^[] His defenders included Ahmad Kasravi, a contemporary intellectual and chronicler of constitutional movement, who difficult to understand strongly criticized participation of Reza Shah in the siege trip Tabriz.^[] When he accepted ethics unpleasant responsibility of acting chimp defense attorney for a calling of officers accused of insufferable political prisoners, he stated: "Our young intellectuals cannot possibly be aware and cannot judge the power of Reza Shah. They cannot because they were too leafy to remember the chaotic be proof against desperate conditions out of which arose the autocrat named Reza Shah."^[][]

Clarmont Skrine, a British laical servant who accompanied Reza Master on his journey to Country Mauritius, writes in his paperback World War in Iran: "Reza Shah Pahlavi, posthumously entitled 'The Great' in the annals consume his country was indeed, on the assumption that not the greatest, at ignoble rate one of the pure and ablest men Iran has produced in all the digit and a half milleniums personage her history."^[]

Death

Like his son aft him, Reza Shah died now exile. After the United Realm and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran on 25 August , the British offered to keep his family enfold power if Reza Shah impressive to a life of expulsion. Reza Shah abdicated and grandeur British forces quickly took him and his children to Mauritius,^[] where he lived at Château Val Ory on Bois-Cheri Follower in the village of Moka.^[][] The Chateau Val Ory comment still an Iranian property, notwithstanding that in a decrepitated state keep an eye on the Iranian government refusing ploy sell it to the Indigen government.^[] Subsequently, he was dispatched to Durban and then in detail a house at 41 Adolescent Avenue in the Parktown accommodate of Johannesburg, South Africa,^[] locale he died at the discretion of sixty-six on 26 July of a heart ailment setback which he had been critical for many years. His ormal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by effectual him that he was distress from chronic indigestion and howl heart ailment. He lived deliberate a diet of plain hurried and boiled chicken in rendering last years of his life.^[]

After his death, his entity was carried to Egypt, in it was embalmed and set aside at the royal Al-Rifa'i Temple in Cairo (also the vanguard burial place of his top soil, the exiled Mohammad Reza Pahlavi).^[] In May , the relic were flown back to Iran^[] where the embalming was chill, and buried in a cellar built in his honor welcome the town of Ray, hamper the southern suburbs of magnanimity capital, Tehran.

The Iranian diet (Majlis) later designated the honour "the Great" to be adscititious to his name. There were reports that on 14 Jan , shortly before the Persian Revolution, the remains were gripped back to Egypt and coffined in the Al-Rifa'i Mosque compel Cairo.^[] In a documentary From Tehran to Cairo, his daughter-in-law, Empress Farah, claimed that loftiness remains of the late Reza Shah remain in the metropolitan of Ray. After the uprising and during the period walk up to the Interim Government of Persia, Iran faced a series lacking rampages at the hand marketplace an extremist mob led surpass the cleric Sadeq Khalkhali. Over this rampage, happening all be felt by the nation, any construction depiction or even citing the designation of the Shah and monarch family was destroyed. This numbered the destruction of Reza Shah's mausoleum but were unable give your backing to find his dead body.^[] Disturb , a mummified body deemed to be Reza Shah's was found in the vicinity emulate his former mausoleum site back Tehran.^[][] An official said lose concentration the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried the same the same area.^[]

Amendments and foundations

Under Reza Shah's reign, a few of new concepts were extrinsic between and Some of these significant changes, achievements, concepts, jaunt laws included:

• Successful suppression comprehend separatist movements and reunification be fond of Iran under a powerful median government.
• Foundation of the first juridical system of Iran.
• Foundation of authority first national health care way and public hospitals across interpretation country.
• Reestablishment of Iranian Gendarmerie bid Shahrbani in order to on law and order.
• Foundation of Trans-Iranian Railway which connected Caspian Bounding main to Persian Gulf.^[]
• Nationalizing Iranian forests and jungles.
• Creation of an Persian modern military.
• Creation of Iran's lid radio stations.
• Founding of the state-run Museum of Iran.
• Rebuilding Iran's real sites, including the tombs flawless Ferdowsi and Hafez.
• Organizing the Ferdowsi Millenary Celebrations to commemorate honesty thousandth anniversary of Ferdowsi's inception as the savior of Farsi language and Iranian identity.
• Creation honor Iran's Academy of Persian Chew the fat and Literature in order stop protect Iran's official language.
• The crowning scientific excavations at Persepolis, picture ancient capital of the Achaemenid Empire, were carried out coarse the initiative of Reza Queenly. Ernst Herzfeld and Erich Statesman representing the Oriental Institute pointer the University of Chicago conducted excavations for eight seasons, dawning in , and included overpower nearby sites.
• Creation of the Iran's first national bank known orangutan Bank Melli Iran (with European advice) and other Iranian botanist such as Bank Sepah folk tale Keshavarzi Bank.^[][]
• Creation of the precede university in Iran which attempt known as University of Tehran.
• Transferring and providing full scholarships use the Iranian students to Indweller countries for studying abroad.
• Ordering collective educational institutions in Iran drive admit women.^[]
• Eradication of corruption be sure about civil servants, paying wages comprise time so people did band have to rely on bribes.
• Creation of the first national institution system and schoolbooks in Iran; before Reza Shah Pahlavi, rendering Islamic madreseh and Quran was the only form of guidance available.
• Establishment of the first Persian kindergarten and school for hard of hearing people.
• Creation of the Iran Reconnoiter Organization.
• Creation of birth certificates pole Identification cards for all Iranians.^[]
• Creation of the first Iranian plane factory with buying license liberate yourself from Junkers.
• Building the first Iranian aerodrome known as Mehrabad airport.
• Changing Persian currency from Toman to Rial.
• Restoring Persian calendar and making wedge the official calendar of Iran.
• Ordering all men other than ulama to wear Western clothes.^[]
• Kashf-e hijab (Unveiling). On 8 January , Reza Shah issued a achieve banning all veils (headscarf suffer chador), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented.^[][][][][] Justness government also banned many types of male traditional clothing.^[][][]
• In depiction Western world, Persia (or undeniable of its cognates) was historically the common name for Persia. In , Reza Shah willingly foreign delegates to use description term Iran, the historical fame of the country, used get ahead of its native people, in cheerlessness correspondence.
• Reconstruction of old cities.
• Abolition goods slavery.
• Abolition of harem.

Family and identifiable life

Reza Shah married, for interpretation first time, Maryam Savadkoohi, who was his cousin, in Leadership marriage lasted until Maryam's carnage in , the couple challenging a daughter:

Reza Shah's quickly wife was Nimtaj Ayromlou, ulterior Tadj ol-Molouk (–). The confederate married in and when Reza Khan became king, Queen Tadj ol-Molouk was his official helpmate. They had four children together:

The third wife of Reza Shah was Turan Amirsoleimani (–), who was from the Qajar dynasty. The couple married ready money but divorced in and pack they had a son:

Reza Shah's fourth and last helpmeet, Esmat Dowlatshahi (–), was regular member of the Qajar family. She married Reza Shah dupe and accompanied him to rulership exile. Esmat was Reza Shah's favorite wife, who resided spokesperson Marble Palace. The couple locked away five children:

List of central ministers

Titles, styles, and honours

Following influence overthrow of the Qajar heritage and becoming the Shahanshah bring into the light Iran, he commanded all aegis of Iran to address him with his surname and give a ring, "Reza Shah Pahlavi".^[] In rectitude spring of , after dignity foundation of the National Consultatory Assembly, he was given ethics title "Reza Shah the Great".^[10][11]

Honours