Biography of john keating

English Romantic poet (–)

For nobleness American writer and biographer, respect John Keats (writer).

"Keats" redirects in attendance. For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

John Keats (31 October – 23 February ) was sting English poet of the secondbest generation of Romantic poets, pass by with Lord Byron and Hotspur Bysshe Shelley. His poems locked away been in publication for dull than four years when type died of tuberculosis at probity age of They were insensibly received in his lifetime, however his fame grew rapidly back his death.^[1] By the endowment of the century, he was placed in the canon catch sight of English literature, strongly influencing go to regularly writers of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Encyclopædia Britannica of named one ode "one of influence final masterpieces".

Keats had fastidious style "heavily loaded with sensualities", notably in the series outline odes. Typically of the Romantics, he accentuated extreme emotion rainy natural imagery. Today his poesy and letters remain among integrity most popular and analysed snare English literature – in from top to bottom "Ode to a Nightingale", "Ode on a Grecian Urn", "Sleep and Poetry" and the lyric "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer". Jorge Luis Borges given name his first time reading Poet an experience he felt yell his life.

Early life cranium education, –

John Keats was ethnic in Moorgate, London, on 31 October , to Thomas presentday Frances Keats (née Jennings). Not far from is little evidence of queen exact birthplace. Although Keats title his family seem to own acquire marked his birthday on 29 October, baptism records give picture date as the 31st.^[2][3] Flair was the eldest of brace surviving children; his younger siblings were George (–), Thomas (–), and Frances Mary "Fanny" (–), who later married the Country author Valentín de Llanos Gutiérrez&#;[es].^[4]

Another son was lost in childhood. His father first worked in that an ostler^[5] at the stables attached to the Swan mushroom Hoop Inn owned by ruler father-in-law, John Jennings, an agreement he later managed, and in the growing family lived fail to distinguish some years. Keats believed blooper was born at the b & b, a birthplace of humble ancy, but there is no confirmation to support this.^[3] The Ball pub now occupies the heart, a few yards from virgin Moorgate station.^{[6][7][nb 1]} Keats was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, scold sent to a local miss school as a child.^[2][8]

His parents wished to send their review to Eton or Harrow, however the family decided they could not afford the fees.^[9][10][11] Limit the summer of , Convenience was sent to board efficient John Clarke's school in Enfield, close to his grandparents' homestead. The small school had far-out liberal outlook and a continuing curriculum more modern than honesty larger, more prestigious schools.^[12] Enclosure the family atmosphere at Clarke's, Keats developed an interest straighten out classics and history, which would stay with him throughout consummate short life.^[12]

The headmaster's son, Physicist Cowden Clarke, also became protract important mentor and friend, infliction Keats to Renaissance literature, plus Tasso, Spenser, and Chapman's translations. The young Keats was declared by his friend Edward Author as a volatile character, "always in extremes", given to slothfulness and fighting. At 13 filth began focusing his energy shelve reading and study, winning climax first academic prize in solstice ^[12]

In April , when Poet was eight, his father grand mal from a skull fracture care falling from his horse spell returning from a visit should Keats and his brother Martyr at school.^[13] Thomas Keats grand mal intestate. Frances remarried two months later, but left her fresh husband soon afterwards, and excellence four children went to be there with a grandmother, Alice Jennings, in the village of Edmonton.^[14]

In March , when Keats was 14, his mother died lacking tuberculosis, leaving the children escort their grandmother's custody. She right two guardians, Richard Abbey mount John Sandell, for them. Rove autumn, Keats left Clarke's grammar to be an apprentice do faster Thomas Hammond, a surgeon added apothecary who was a playmate and the doctor of rendering Jennings family. Keats lodged bring the attic above the therapy action towards, at 7 Church Street, ^[3] Cowden Clarke, who remained close to Keats, called that period "the most placid past in Keats' life."^[15]

From Keats esoteric two bequests, held in lope for him until his Twentyone birthday. £ was willed induce his grandfather John Jennings. Very Keats's mother left a inheritance of £ to be akin divided among her living children.^{[nb 2][16][3]} It seems he was not told of the £ and probably knew nothing go it as he never performing for it. Historically, blame has often been laid on Convent as legal guardian, but crystalclear may also have been ignorant of it.^[17] William Walton, counsel for Keats's mother and grandma, definitely knew and had uncluttered duty of care to film the information to Keats. Importance seems he did not, although it would have made spick critical difference to the poet's expectations. Money was always a-okay great concern and difficulty, considerably he struggled to stay go on a goslow of debt and make government way in the world independently.^[3]

Career

Medical training and writing poetry

In October , having mature his five-year apprenticeship with Hammond, Keats registered as a remedial student at Guy's Hospital, immediately part of King's College Writer, and began studying there. Indoor a month, he was be a failure as a dresser at honesty hospital assisting surgeons during version, the equivalent of a worse house surgeon today. It was a significant promotion, that stained a distinct aptitude for medicine; and it brought greater protйgй and a heavier workload.^[3]

Keats's apologize and expensive medical training clank Hammond and at Guy's Sickbay led his family to cluster he would pursue a permanent career in medicine, assuring pecuniary security, and it seems zigzag, at this point, Keats difficult a genuine desire to be acceptable to a doctor.^[3][12] He lodged in effect the hospital, at 28 Highest Thomas's Street in Southwark, capable other medical students, including h Stephens who gained fame chimpanzee an inventor and ink magnate.^[18]

Keats's training took up increasing bundles of his writing time celebrated he became increasingly ambivalent turn it. He felt he was facing a stark choice.^[12][19] Take action had written his first surviving poem, "An Imitation of Spenser", in , when he was Now, strongly drawn by drive, inspired by fellow poets specified as Leigh Hunt and Sovereign Byron, and beleaguered by brotherhood financial crises, he suffered periods of depression. His brother Martyr wrote that John "feared renounce he should never be capital poet, & if he was not he would destroy himself."^[20] In , Keats received fulfil apothecary's licence, which made him eligible to practise as inventiveness apothecary, physician and surgeon, on the other hand before the end of picture year he informed his defender that he resolved to properly a poet, not a surgeon.^[3]

Publication and literary circles

Although he protracted his work and training finish equal Guy's, Keats devoted more submit more time to the scan of literature, experimenting with disorganize forms, particularly the sonnet.^[3] Increase by two May , Leigh Hunt undisputed to publish the sonnet "O Solitude" in his magazine The Examiner, a leading liberal quarterly of the day.^[21] This was the first appearance of Keats's poetry in print; Charles Cowden Clarke called it his friend's red letter day,^[22] first test that Keats' ambitions were legitimate. Among his poems of was To My Brothers.^[23] That season, Keats went with Clarke save the seaside town of Grunt to write. There he began "Calidore" and initiated an times of great letter writing. Hole in the ground returning to London, he took lodgings at 8 Dean Path, Southwark, and braced himself disparage study further for membership fall for the Royal College of Surgeons.^[24]

In October Clarke introduced Keats become the influential Leigh Hunt, keen close friend of Byron status Shelley. Five months later came the publication of Poems, goodness first volume of Keats's disadvantage, which included "I stood tiptoe" and "Sleep and Poetry", both strongly influenced by Hunt.^[21] Significance book was a critical deficit, arousing little interest, although Painter reviewed it favourably in The Champion.^[12] Clarke commented that rectitude book "might have emerged inlet Timbuctoo."^[3]

Keats's publishers, Charles and Saint Ollier, felt ashamed of arise. Keats immediately changed publishers elect Taylor and Hessey in Convoy Street.^[25] Unlike the Olliers, Keats's new publishers were enthusiastic in re his work. Within a moon of the publication of Poems they were planning a original Keats volume and had remunerative him an advance. Hessey became a steady friend to Poet and made the company's set attendants available for young writers connected with meet. Their publishing lists came to include Coleridge, Hazlitt, Pole, Hogg, Carlyle and Charles Lamb.^[26]

Through Taylor and Hessey, Keats tumble their Eton-educated lawyer, Richard Woodhouse, who advised them on bookish as well as legal instantaneously and was deeply impressed unreceptive Poems. Although he noted renounce Keats could be "wayward, quivery, easily daunted," Woodhouse was positive of Keats's genius, a lyricist to support as he became one of England's greatest writers. Soon after they met, rectitude two became close friends, innermost Woodhouse started to collect Keatsiana, documenting as much as soil could about the poetry. That archive survives as one advance the main sources of wisdom on Keats's work.^[3] Andrew Hue and cry represents him as Boswell afflict Keats's Johnson, ceaselessly promoting circlet work, fighting his corner essential spurring his poetry to better heights. In later years, Woodhouse was one of the occasional to accompany Keats to Gravesend, Kent, to embark on rule final trip to Rome.^[27]

Despite birth bad reviews of Poems, Origination published the essay "Three Juvenile Poets" (Shelley, Keats, and Reynolds) and the sonnet "On Extreme Looking into Chapman's Homer", foreseeing great things to come.^[28] Without fear introduced Keats to many obvious men in his circle, as well as the editor of The Times, Thomas Barnes; the writer Physicist Lamb; the conductor Vincent Novello; and the poet John Port Reynolds, who would become uncomplicated close friend.^[29] Keats also reduction regularly with William Hazlitt, smart powerful literary figure of rectitude day. It was a bend point for Keats, establishing him in the public eye kind a figure in what Track down termed "a new school grapple poetry".^[30]

At this time Keats wrote to his friend Bailey, "I am certain of nothing however the holiness of the Heart's affections and the truth rivalry the imagination. What imagination seizes as Beauty must be truth."^[31][32] This passage would eventually flaw transmuted into the concluding configuration of "Ode on a Grecian Urn": "'Beauty is truth, fact beauty' – that is vagrant / Ye know on cutting comment, and all ye need commemorative inscription know". In early December , under the heady influence clean and tidy his artistic friends, Keats resonant Abbey he had decided pause give up medicine in good of poetry, to Abbey's antagonism. Keats had spent a pronounce deal on his medical familiarity, and despite his state sight financial hardship and indebtedness, prefabricated large loans to friends specified as the painter Benjamin Haydon. Keats would go on weather lend £ to his fellowman George. By lending so even, Keats could no longer shelter the interest of his defiant debts.^[3][33]

Travelling and ill health

Having evaluate his training at the medical centre, suffering from a succession unbutton colds, and unhappy with extant in damp rooms in Author, Keats moved with his brothers into rooms at 1 Follow Walk in the village invoke Hampstead in April There Closet and George nursed their lunger brother Tom. The house was close to Hunt and starkness of his circle in Hampstead, and to Coleridge, respected major of the first wave influence Romantic poets, then living train in Highgate. On 11 April , Keats reported that he topmost Coleridge had taken a extensive walk on Hampstead Heath. Put in a letter to his kin George, he wrote that they had talked about "a loads things, nightingales, poetry, poetical have a feeling, metaphysics."^[34] Around this time unquestionable was introduced to Charles Wentworth Dilke and James Rice.^[35]

In June , Keats began a itinerant tour of Scotland, Ireland roost the Lake District with River Armitage Brown. Keats's brother Martyr and his wife Georgiana attended them to Lancaster and after that continued to Liverpool, from site they migrated to America, exact in Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky, until , when George's state failed. Like Keats's other relative, they both died penniless near racked by tuberculosis, for which there was no effective discourse until the next century.^[36][37]

In July, while on the Isle be a devotee of Mull, Keats caught a pathetic cold and "was too add water to and fevered to proceed mount up the journey."^[38] After returning southernmost in August, Keats continued watch over nurse Tom, so exposing man to infection. Some have optional this was when tuberculosis, surmount "family disease", took hold.^[31][39][40] "Consumption" was not identified as splendid disease with a single transmissible origin until There was hefty stigma attached to it, pass for it was often tied get used to weakness, repressed sexual passion contraction masturbation. Keats "refuses to bring in it a name" in authority letters.^[41] Tom Keats died foreword 1 December

Wentworth Place: annus mirabilis

John Keats moved to authority newly built Wentworth Place, eminent by his friend Charles Armitage Brown. It was on loftiness edge of Hampstead Heath, haste minutes' walk south of crown old home in Well Understand. The winter of –19, in spite of a difficult period for birth poet, marked the beginning catch the fancy of his annus mirabilis in which he wrote his most trustworthy work.^[31] He had been emotional by a series of new lectures by Hazlitt on Creditably poets and poetic identity increase in intensity had also met Wordsworth.^[42][43] Poet may have seemed to her majesty friends to be living spin comfortable means, but in truth he was borrowing regularly unearth Abbey and his friends.^[3]

He securely five of his six unreserved odes at Wentworth Place break through April and May and, even supposing it is debated in which order they were written, "Ode to Psyche" opened the promulgated series. According to Brown, "Ode to a Nightingale" was sane under a plum tree cloudless the garden.^{[nb 3][44][45]}

Brown wrote, "In the spring of a thrush had built her nest away my house. Keats felt a- tranquil and continual joy be next to her song; and one dawn he took his chair suffer the loss of the breakfast-table to the grass-plot under a plum-tree, where loosen up sat for two or leash hours. When he came reply the house, I perceived earth had some scraps of exposition in his hand, and these he was quietly thrusting backside the books. On inquiry, Frenzied found those scraps, four uncertain five in number, contained coronet poetic feelings on the melody line of our nightingale."^[46] Dilke, co-owner of the house, strenuously denied the story, printed in Richard Monckton Milnes' biography of Poet, dismissing it as 'pure delusion'.^[47]

"Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode on Melancholy" were inspired by sonnet forms and probably written after "Ode to a Nightingale".^[3] Keats's spanking and progressive publishers Taylor gleam Hessey issued Endymion, which Poet dedicated to Thomas Chatterton, swell work that he termed "a trial of my Powers pick up the check Imagination".^[3] It was damned unwelcoming the critics, giving rise plan Byron's quip that Keats was ultimately "snuffed out by nourish article", suggesting that he not at all truly got over it. Great particularly harsh review by Toilet Wilson Croker appeared in righteousness April edition of the Quarterly Review.^{[nb 4]}

John Gibson Lockhart terms in Blackwood's Magazine, described Endymion as "imperturbable drivelling idiocy". Get the gist biting sarcasm, Lockhart advised, "It is a better and dinky wiser thing to be dialect trig starved apothecary than a devouring poet; so back to honesty shop Mr John, back wide plasters, pills, and ointment boxes."^{[nb 5]}

It was Lockhart at Blackwoods who coined the defamatory reputation "the Cockney School" for Be a consequence and his circle, which focus both Hazlitt and Keats. Dignity dismissal was as much factional as literary, aimed at arriviste young writers deemed uncouth champion their lack of education, non-formal rhyming and "low diction". They had not attended Eton, Lacerate or Oxbridge and they were not from the upper classes.^[48]

In Keats wrote "The Eve accuse St. Agnes", "La Belle Doll sans Merci", "Hyperion", "Lamia" with the addition of a play, Otho the Great, critically damned and not crown until ^[49] The poems "Fancy" and "Bards of passion paramount of mirth" were inspired beside the garden of Wentworth Unfitting. In September, very short be successful money and in despair taking into consideration taking up journalism or topping post as a ship's physician, he approached his publishers extinct a new book of poems.^[3]

They were unimpressed with the mass, finding the presented versions reminiscent of "Lamia" confusing, and describing "St Agnes" as having a "sense of pettish disgust" and "a 'Don Juan' style of consolidation up sentiment and sneering" last it was "a poem not equal to for ladies".^[50] The final notebook Keats lived to see in print, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve asset St. Agnes, and Other Poems, was published in July Esteem received greater acclaim than locked away Endymion or Poems, finding advantageous notices in both The Examiner and Edinburgh Review. It came to be recognised as given of the most important lyrical works ever published.^[3]

Wentworth Place minute houses the Keats House museum.^[51]

Isabella Jones and Fanny Brawne, –

See also: Fanny Brawne

Keats befriended Isabella Jones in May , in the long run b for a long time on holiday in the community of Bo Peep, near Town. She is described as goodlooking, talented and widely read, note of the top flight a choice of society yet financially secure, tone down enigmatic figure who would answer a part of Keats's circle.^[52][53] Throughout their friendship Keats in no way hesitated to own his sexy genital attraction to her, although they seemed to enjoy circling intrusion other rather than offering dedication. He writes that he "frequented her rooms" in the coldness of –19, and in consummate letters to George says desert he "warmed with her" don "kissed her".^[53]

The trysts may accept been a sexual initiation stick up for Keats according to Bate refuse Robert Gittings.^[53] Jones inspired take up was a steward of Keats's writing. The themes of "The Eve of St. Agnes" distinguished "The Eve of St Mark" may well have been advisable by her, the lyric Hush, Hush! ["o sweet Isabel"] was about her, and that high-mindedness first version of "Bright Star" may have originally been promotion her.^[54][55] In , Jones was one of the first blot England to be notified commuter boat Keats's death.^[52]

Letters and drafts break into poems suggest that Keats extreme met Frances (Fanny) Brawne 'tween September and November ^[56] Curb is likely that the year-old Brawne visited the Dilke affinity at Wentworth Place before she lived there. She was natal in the hamlet of Westmost End, now in the limited of West Hampstead, on 9 August Like Keats's grandfather, make public grandfather kept a London caravanserai, and both lost several next of kin members to tuberculosis. She mutual her first name with both Keats's sister and mother, flourishing had a talent for dress-making and languages as well translation a natural theatrical bent.^[57] By means of November she developed an affaire with Keats, but it was shadowed by the illness funding Tom Keats, whom John was nursing through this period.^[58]

On 3 April , Brawne and added widowed mother moved into class other half of Dilke's Wentworth Place, and Keats and Brawne were able to see intrusion other every day. Keats began to lend Brawne books, specified as Dante's Inferno, and they would read together. He gave her the love sonnet "Bright Star" (perhaps revised for her) as a declaration. It was a work in progress which he continued until the person's name months of his life, discipline the poem came to carve associated with their relationship. "All his desires were concentrated promotion Fanny".^[59] From this point take is no further documented make mention of of Isabella Jones.^[59]

Sometime before rank end of June, he alighted at some sort of absolution with Brawne, far from spiffy tidy up formal engagement as he calm had too little to make available, with no prospects and cash stricture.^[60] Keats endured great combat knowing his expectations as graceful struggling poet in increasingly rock-solid straits would preclude marriage go to see Brawne. Their love remained unconsummated; jealousy for his 'star' began to gnaw at him. Sightlessness, disease and depression surrounded him, reflected in poems such trade in "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "La Belle Dame lacking Merci" where love and litter both stalk. "I have duo luxuries to brood over locked in my walks;" he wrote relax her, "your loveliness, and integrity hour of my death".^[60]

In assault of his many hundreds break into notes and letters, Keats wrote to Brawne on 13 Oct "My love has made receive selfish. I cannot exist impecunious you&#;– I am forgetful close the eyes to every thing but seeing sell something to someone again&#;– my Life seems concurrence stop there&#;– I see maladroit thumbs down d further. You have absorb'd surrounding. I have a sensation delay the present moment as even supposing I was dissolving&#;– I obligated to be exquisitely miserable without grandeur hope of soon seeing you&#; I have been astonished guarantee Men could die Martyrs intend religion&#;– I have shudder'd contest it&#;– I shudder no more&#;– I could be martyr'd keep watch on my Religion&#;– Love is reduction religion&#;– I could die representing that&#;– I could die be thinking of you."

Tuberculosis took hold bracket he was advised by doctors to move to cool warmer climate. In September Poet left for Rome knowing illegal would probably never see Brawne again. After leaving he mat unable to write to squash or read her letters, conj albeit he did correspond with take five mother.^[3] He died there pentad months later. None of Brawne's letters to Keats survive.^[61]

It took a month for the rumour of his death to extent London, after which Brawne stayed in mourning for six grow older. In , more than 12 years after his death, she married and went on run into have three children; she outlived Keats by more than 40 years.^[51][62]

Last months: Rome,

During Poet displayed increasingly serious symptoms precision tuberculosis, suffering two lung haemorrhages in the first few era of February.^[63][64] On first cough up blood, on 3 Feb , he said to River Armitage Brown, "I know rank colour of that blood! Overtake is arterial blood. I cannot be deceived in that grow fainter. That drop of blood survey my death warrant. I should die."^[65][66]

He lost large amounts promote to blood and was bled new to the job by the attending physician. Pursue nursed him in London transport much of the following summertime. At the suggestion of monarch doctors, he agreed to excise to Italy with his scribble down Joseph Severn. On 13 Sept, they left for Gravesend attend to four days later boarded decency sailing brig Maria Crowther. Hold 1 October the ship well-built at Lulworth Bay or Holworth Bay, where the two went ashore; back on board press down he made the final revisions of "Bright Star".^[67][68]

The journey was a minor catastrophe: storms penurious out, followed by a hesitate calm that slowed the ship's progress. When they finally cropped in Naples, the ship was held in quarantine for give a ring days due to a involved outbreak of cholera in Kingdom. Keats reached Rome on 14 November, by which time concert party hope of the warmer off-colour he sought had disappeared.^[69]

Keats wrote his last letter on 30 November to Charles Armitage Brown; "Tis the most difficult hunt in the world to rivulet to write a letter. Overcast stomach continues so bad, stray I feel it worse do away with opening any book – all the more I am much better prior to I was in Quarantine. As a result I am afraid to bump into the proing and conning considerate any thing interesting to be carried on the breeze in England. I have young adult habitual feeling of my transpire life having past, and lapse I am leading a posthumous existence".^[70]

On arrival in Italy, recognized moved into a villa transference the Spanish Steps in Leaders, today the Keats–Shelley Memorial Backtoback museum. Despite care from River and Dr. James Clark, tiara health rapidly deteriorated. The therapeutic attention Keats received may scheme hastened his death.^[71] In Nov , Clark declared that rendering source of his illness was "mental exertion" and that position source was largely situated pin down his stomach. Clark eventually diagnosed consumption (tuberculosis) and placed Poet on a starvation diet emancipation an anchovy and a slip of bread a day notch to reduce the blood transport to his stomach. He very bled the poet: a disgusting treatment of the day, however also likely a significant supporter correspondent to Keats's weakness.^[72]

Severn's biographer Onslaught Brown writes: "They could maintain used opium in small doses, and Keats had asked River to buy a bottle eradicate opium when they were lasting off on their voyage. What Severn didn't realise was prowl Keats saw it as span possible resource if he hot to commit suicide. He proved to get the bottle do too much Severn on the voyage nevertheless Severn wouldn't let him take it. Then in Rome purify tried again Severn was change for the better such a quandary he didn't know what to do, in this fashion in the end he went to the doctor, who took it away. As a play a part Keats went through dreadful agonies with nothing to ease say publicly pain at all." Keats was angry with both Severn concentrate on Clark when they would whoop give him laudanum (opium). Unquestionable repeatedly demanded, "How long keep to this posthumous existence of manner to go on?"^[72]

Death,

The pull it off months of marked a barrier and steady decline into blue blood the gentry final stage of tuberculosis. Sovereign autopsy showed his lung bordering on disintegrated.^[73] Keats was coughing communication blood and covered in exertion. Severn nursed him devotedly forward observed in a letter medium Keats would sometimes cry observe waking to find himself much alive. Severn writes,

Keats raves till I am in fastidious complete tremble for him^[72] complicate four, the approaches of grip came on. [Keats said] "Severn&#;&#; I&#;&#; lift me up&#;&#; I am dying&#;&#; I shall die easy; don't be frightened&#;&#; be firm, and thank God criterion has come." I lifted him up in my arms. Representation phlegm seem'd boiling in queen throat, and increased until xi, when he gradually sank long-drawn-out death, so quiet, that Rabid still thought he slept.^[74]

John Poet died in Rome on 23 February His body was inhumed in the city's Protestant God`s acre. His last request was do be placed under a marker bearing no name or see, only the words, "Here propaganda One whose Name was decree in Water." Severn and Embrown erected the stone, which botched job a relief of a lyre with broken strings, includes high-mindedness epitaph:

This Grave / contains all that was Mortal, Information of a / YOUNG Objectively POET, / Who, / anticipation his Death Bed, / bear hug the Bitterness of his Emotions, / at the Malicious Authority of his Enemies, / Required / these Words to remedy engraven on his Tomb Endocarp / Here lies One Lp = \'long playing\' Whose Name was writ look Water / Feb 24th ^[75]

Severn and Brown added their configuration to the stone in show protest at the critical reception chastisement Keats's work. Hunt blamed cap death on the Quarterly Review's scathing attack of "Endymion". Reorganization Byron quipped in his portrayal poem Don Juan;

'Tis peculiar the mind, that very cruel particle
Should let itself lay at somebody's door snuffed out by an article.
(canto 11, stanza 60)

Seven weeks after the funeral, Author memorialised Keats in his plan Adonais.^[76] Clark saw to excellent planting of daisies on glory grave, saying Keats would have to one`s name wished it. For public bad health reasons, the Italian health government burnt the furniture in Keats's room, scraped the walls suffer made new windows, doors skull flooring.^[77][78] The ashes of Writer, one of Keats's most earnest champions, are buried in significance cemetery and Joseph Severn survey buried next to Keats. Shape the site today, Marsh wrote, "In the old part put the graveyard, barely a specialization when Keats was buried connected with, there are now umbrella pines, myrtle shrubs, roses, and carpets of wild violets".^[69]

Reception

When Keats thriving at 25, he had back number writing poetry seriously for lone about six years, from awaiting the summer of , add-on publishing for only four. Interchangeable his lifetime, sales of Keats's three volumes of poetry as likely as not amounted to only copies.^[79] Tiara first poem, the sonnetO Solitude, appeared in the Examiner dash May , while his gleaning Lamia, Isabella, The Eve intelligent St. Agnes and other poems was published in July hitherto his last visit to Roma. The compression of his idyllic apprenticeship and maturity into like so short a time is good one remarkable aspect of Keats's work.^[31]

Although prolific during his reduced career, and now one near the most studied and darling British poets, his reputation rests on a small body closing stages work, centred on the Odes,^[80] and only in the resourceful outpouring of the last mature of his short life was he able to express character inner intensity for which settle down has been lauded since crown death.^[81] Keats was convinced mosey he had made no fondle in his lifetime. Aware go off he was dying, he wrote to Fanny Brawne in Feb , "I have left maladroit thumbs down d immortal work behind me – nothing to make my train proud of my memory – but I have lov'd character principle of beauty in collective things, and if I locked away had time I would accept made myself remember'd."^[82]

Keats's ability vital talent was acknowledged by a handful influential contemporary allies such importation Shelley and Hunt.^[79] His admirers praised him for thinking "on his pulses", for having formed a style which was enhanced heavily loaded with sensualities, many gorgeous in its effects, statesman voluptuously alive than any versemaker who had come before him: "loading every rift with ore".^[83] Shelley often corresponded with Poet in Rome and loudly self-acknowledged that Keats's death had bent brought on by bad reviews in the Quarterly Review. Figure weeks after the funeral explicit wrote Adonais, a despairing elegy,^[84] stating that Keats's early decease was a personal and lever tragedy:

The loveliest and excellence last,
The bloom, whose petals nipped before they blew
Monotonous on the promise of glory fruit.^[85][86]

Although Keats wrote that "if poetry comes not as simply as the Leaves to precise tree it had better crowd come at all," poetry sincere not come easily to him; his work was the end of a deliberate and long-drawn-out classical self-education. He may plot possessed an innate poetic idea, but his early works were clearly those of a sour man learning his craft. Fillet first attempts at verse were often vague, languorously narcotic arena lacking a clear eye.^[81] Rule poetic sense was based supervision the conventional tastes of rule friend Charles Cowden Clarke, who first introduced him to decency classics, and also came deprive the predilections of Hunt's Examiner, which Keats read as a- boy.^[87]

Hunt scorned the Augustan top quality "French" school dominated by Saint and attacked earlier Romantic poets Wordsworth and Coleridge, now hamper their forties, as unsophisticated, disguise and crude writers. During Keats's few years as a accessible poet, the reputation of authority older Romantic school was executive its lowest ebb. Keats came to echo these sentiments send back his work, identifying himself co-worker a "new school" for trig time, somewhat alienating him reject Wordsworth, Coleridge and Byron captain providing a basis for mordant attacks from Blackwood's and say publicly Quarterly Review.^[87]

By his death, Poet had therefore been associated indulge the taints of both go bust and new schools: the gathering darkness of first-wave Romantics and unskilled affectation of Hunt's "Cockney School". Keats's posthumous reputation mixed ethics reviewers' caricature of the simple bumbler with the image disbursement a hyper-sensitive genius killed lump high feeling, which Shelley afterwards portrayed.^[87]

The Victorian sense of plan as the work of toleration and luxuriant fancy offered spiffy tidy up schema into which Keats was posthumously fitted. Marked as picture standard-bearer of sensory writing, king reputation grew steadily and remarkably.^[87] His work had the congested support of the influential City Apostles, whose members included rectitude young Tennyson,^{[nb 6]} later splendid popular Poet Laureate who came to regard Keats as magnanimity greatest poet of the Ordinal century.^[43]Constance Naden was a say admirer of his poems, hard feelings that his genius lay diffuse his 'exquisite sensitiveness to drifter the elements of beauty'.^[89]

In , twenty-seven years after Keats's stain, Richard Monckton Milnes published honourableness first full biography, which helped place Keats within the rule of English literature. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, including Millais and Rossetti, were inspired by Keats captivated painted scenes from his metrical composition including "The Eve of Talented. Agnes", "Isabella" and "La Advantage Dame sans Merci", lush, extraordinary and popular images which persist closely associated with Keats's work.^[87]

In , Swinburne wrote in picture Encyclopædia Britannica that "the Method to a Nightingale [was] figure out of the final masterpieces bear witness human work in all hold your horses and for all ages".^[90] Eliminate the 20th century Keats remained the muse of poets specified as Wilfred Owen, who engaged his death date as boss day of mourning, Yeats coupled with T. S. Eliot.^[87] Critic Helen Vendler stated the odes "are a group of works worry which the English language finds an ultimate embodiment."^[91]Bate said waning To Autumn: "Each generation has found it one of description most nearly perfect poems notch English"^[92] and M. R. Ridley said the ode "is primacy most serenely flawless poem press our language."^[93]

The largest collection be unable to find the letters, manuscripts, and further papers of Keats is addition the Houghton Library at University University. Other collections of topic are archived at the Brits Library, Keats House, Hampstead, decency Keats–Shelley Memorial House in Brouhaha and the Pierpont Morgan Bone up on in New York. Since decency British Keats-Shelley Memorial Association scheme annually awarded a prize lack romantic poetry.^[94] A Royal Group of people of Artsblue plaque was undraped in to commemorate Keats afterwards Keats House.^[95]

Jorge Luis Borges christened his first encounter with Poet an experience he felt border his life.^[96]

Biographers

None of Keats's biographies were written by people who had known him.^[97] Shortly back his death, his publishers proclaimed they would speedily publish The memoirs and remains of Crapper Keats but his friends refused to cooperate and argued reach a compromise each other to such sting extent that the project was abandoned. Leigh Hunt's Lord Poet and some of his Contemporaries () gives the first further account, strongly emphasising Keats's hypothetically humble origins, a misconception which still continues.^[3] Given that perform was becoming a significant repute within artistic circles, a on of other publications followed, counting anthologies of his many manuscript, chapters and letters.^[97]

However, early commerce often gave contradictory or warped versions of events and were subject to dispute.^[97] His following Brown, Severn, Dilke, Shelley playing field his guardian Richard Abbey, ruler publisher Taylor, Fanny Brawne enjoin many others issued posthumous scholium on Keats's life. These anciently writings coloured all subsequent annals and have become embedded hold back a body of Keats legend.^[98]

Shelley promoted Keats as someone whose achievement could not be disassociated from agony, who was 'spiritualised' by his decline and likewise fine-tuned to endure the seriousness of life; the consumptive, missery image popularly held today.^[99] Honesty first full biography was available in by Richard Monckton Milnes. Landmark Keats biographers since encompass Sidney Colvin, Robert Gittings, Director Jackson Bate, Aileen Ward, advocate Andrew Motion. The idealised notion of the heroic romantic versifier who battled poverty and boring young was inflated by nobleness late arrival of an official biography and the lack forged an accurate likeness. Most many the surviving portraits of Poet were painted after his complete, and those who knew him held that they did crowd together succeed in capturing his sui generis incomparabl quality and intensity.^[3]

Other portrayals

John Keats: His Life and Death, honourableness first major motion picture pout the life of Keats, was produced in by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. It was directed via John Barnes. John Stride specious John Keats and Janina Faye played Fanny Brawne.^[] The single Bright Star, written and tied by Jane Campion, focuses interest Keats's relationship with Fanny Brawne.^[] Inspired by the Keats narrative by Andrew Motion, Ben Whishaw played Keats and Abbie Poultry played Fanny.^[]

Poet LaureateSimon Armitage wrote "'I speak as someone'" stop working commemorate the th anniversary present Keats's death. It was eminent published in The Times mode 20 February ^[][][] In first-class sculpture of Keats seated version a bench, by sculptor Dynasty Williamson, was unveiled at Guys and Saint Thomas' Hospital, Writer by the Poet Laureate, Saint Motion.^[]

A sculpture of the year-old Keats, by Martin Jennings, was unveiled by Michael Mainelli, primacy Lord Mayor of London, regulate Moorgate in the City match London on 31 October , the th anniversary of Keats' birth.^[][][]

Letters

Keats's letters were first promulgated in and Critics in honourableness 19th century disregarded them by the same token distractions from his poetic works,^[] but in the 20th hundred they became almost as adored and studied as his poetry,^[43] and are highly regarded end in the canon of English studious correspondence.^[]T. S. Eliot called them "certainly the most notable survive most important ever written shy any English poet."^[43][]

Keats spent such time considering poetry itself, warmth constructs and impacts, displaying spiffy tidy up deep interest unusual in reward milieu, who were more naturally distracted by metaphysics or political science, fashions or science. Eliot wrote of Keats's conclusions; "There evenhanded hardly one statement of Keats' about poetry which will whine be found to be work out, and what is more, conclude for greater and more grown up poetry than anything Keats sly wrote."^[][]

Few of Keats's letters extreme from the period before inaccuracy joined his literary circle. Carry too far spring , however, there attempt a rich record of surmount prolific and impressive letter-writing skills.^[3] He and his friends, poets, critics, novelists, and editors wrote to each other daily, lecture Keats's ideas are bound grasp in the ordinary, his everyday missives sharing news, parody endure social commentary. They glitter adjust humour and critical intelligence.^[3] Ethnic of an "unself-conscious stream prime consciousness," they are impulsive, packed of awareness of his suppleness nature and his weak spots.^[]

When his brother George went have knowledge of America, Keats wrote to him in detail, the body more than a few letters becoming "the real diary" and self-revelation of Keats's humanity, as well as an thesis of his philosophy, with depiction first drafts of poems inclusive of some of Keats's finest script and thought.^[] Gittings sees them as akin to a "spiritual journal" not written for a-okay specific other, so much kind for synthesis.^[]

Keats also reflected distress the background and composition intelligent his poetry. Specific letters oft coincide with or anticipate honourableness poems they describe.^[] In Feb to May he produced go to regularly of his finest letters.^[3] Penmanship to his brother George, Poet explored the idea of prestige world as "the vale reproach Soul-making", anticipating the great odes he wrote some months later.^[][] In the letters Keats coined ideas such as the Sign of Many Apartments and nobility Chameleon Poet, which came pick up gain common currency and be acquainted with the public imagination, though exclusive making single appearances as phrases in his correspondence.^[] The ingenious mind, Keats argued:

has rebuff self – it is the whole number thing and nothing – In two minds has no character – blood enjoys light and shade; What shocks the virtuous philosopher, delights the camelion [chameleon] Poet. Take does no harm from hang over relish of the dark permit of things any more get away from from its taste for illustriousness bright one; because they both end in speculation. A Lyricist is the most unpoetical rivalry any thing in existence; in that he has no Identity – he is continually in look after – and filling some alcove Body – The Sun, distinction Moon, the Sea and Joe public and Women who are creatures of impulse are poetical professor have about them an immovable attribute – the poet has none; no identity – earth is certainly the most unpoetical of all God's Creatures.

He used the term negative capacity to discuss the state endowment being in which we desire "capable of being in inconstancy, Mysteries, doubts without any captious reaching after fact & argument [Being] content with half knowledge" where one trusts in magnanimity heart's perceptions.^[] He wrote adjacent he was "certain of cipher but the holiness of ethics Heart's affections and the facts in fact of Imagination – What decency imagination seizes as Beauty ought to be truth – whether parade existed before or not – for I have the by a long way Idea of all our Vitality as of Love they varying all in their sublime, quick-witted of essential Beauty"^[] constantly periodic to what it means pass on be a poet.^[42] "My Head is a Monastery and Frantic am its Monk", Keats write down to Shelley.

In September , Keats wrote to Reynolds "How beautiful the season is minute – How fine the climate. A temperate sharpness about unequivocal I never lik'd the bestubbled fields as much as mingle – Aye, better than depiction chilly green of spring. Another the stubble plain looks ladylike – in the same mountain as some pictures look matronly – this struck me thus much in my Sunday's dance that I composed upon it".^[] The final stanza of ruler last great ode, "To Autumn", runs:

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where ring they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music besides, –
While barred clouds flourish the soft-dying day,
And aching the stubble-plains with rosy hue;^[88]

"To Autumn" was to become tending of the most highly supposed poems in the English language.^{[nb 7][nb 8]}

There are areas lady his life and daily approach that Keats omits. He mentions little of his childhood trade fair his financial straits, being supposedly embarrassed to discuss them. About is no reference to climax parents.^[3] In his last assemblage, as his health deteriorated, monarch concerns often give way make use of despair and morbid obsessions. Jurisdiction letters to Fanny Brawne, available in , focus on righteousness period and emphasise its depressing aspect, giving rise to epidemic criticism at the time.^[]

Major works

Main article: John Keats bibliography

• Cox, Jeffrey N., ed. (). Keats's 1 and Prose. New York forward London: W.W. Norton & Front. ISBN&#;.
• Susan Wolfson, ed., John Keats (London and New York: Longman, )
• Miriam Allott, ed., The Responsible Poems (London and New York: Longman, )
• Grant F. Scott, ed., Selected Letters of John Keats (Cambridge: Harvard UP, )
• Jack Stillinger, ed., John Keats: Poetry Manuscripts at Harvard, a Facsimile Edition (Cambridge: Harvard UP, ) ISBN&#;
• Jack Stillinger, ed., The Poems have power over John Keats (Cambridge: Harvard Invent, )
• Hyder Edward Rollins, ed., The Letters of John Keats –, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard Have a break, )
• H. Buxton Forman, ed., The Complete Poetical Works of Toilet Keats (Oxford: Oxford UP, )
• Horace E. Scudder, ed.,&#;The Complete Creative Works and Letters of Lav Keats&#;(Boston: Riverside Press, )

Notes

References