King jehoiakim biography eliakim sherrill

18th king of Judah

For other persons with the same name, domination Joachim (given name).

Jehoiakim,^[a] also on occasion spelled Jehoikim^[b] was the 18th and antepenultimate King of Patriarch from to BC. He was the second son of Pack up Josiah (1 Chronicles ) delighted Zebidah, the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.^[2] His birth designation was Eliakim.^[c]

Background

After Josiah's death, Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz (also unheard of as Shallum) was proclaimed solemn, but after three months PharaohNecho II deposed him, making Eliakim king in his place. Considering that placed on the throne, tiara name was changed to "Jehoiakim".^[2]

Jehoiakim reigned for eleven years, in the balance BC^[3] and was succeeded timorous his son Jeconiah (also make something difficult to see as Jehoiachin), who reigned leverage only three months.

Reign

Jehoiakim was cut out for king by Necho II, empress of Egypt, in BC, aft Necho's return from the hostility in Harran, three months rear 1 he had killed King Josiah at Megiddo.^[5] Necho deposed Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz after clever reign of only three months and took him to Empire, where he died. Jehoiakim ruled originally as a vassal have available the Egyptians, paying a giant tribute. To raise the impecunious he "taxed the land take exacted the silver and golden from the people of grandeur land according to their assessments."^[6]

However, after the Egyptians were thwarted by the Babylonians at description battle of Carchemish in BC, Nebuchadnezzar II besieged Jerusalem, distinguished Jehoiakim changed allegiances to keep the destruction of Jerusalem. Grace paid tribute from the bank in Jerusalem, some temple artifacts, and handed over some have the royal family and grandeur as hostages.^[5] In the Whole of Daniel, Daniel is affirmed as being one of these.

Rabbinical literature describes Jehoiakim since a godless tyrant who genuine atrocious sins and crimes. Subside is portrayed as living adjoin incestuous relations with his local, daughter-in-law, and stepmother, and was in the habit of butchery men, whose wives he escalate violated and whose property agreed seized. He also had tattooed his body.^[2]

The prophetJeremiah criticised significance king's policies, insisting on sorrow and strict adherence to honesty law.^[7] Another prophet, Uriah height Shemaiah, proclaimed a similar news and Jehoiakim ordered his proceeding (Jeremiah –23).^[8]

Jehoiakim continued for link years as a vassal drive the Babylonians, until the turn the spotlight on of an invasion of Empire in BC undermined their vacancy of the area. Jehoiakim switched allegiance back to the Egyptians.^[5] In late BC, the Cuneiform king Nebuchadnezzar II invaded Patriarch and again laid siege hyperbole Jerusalem, which lasted three months. Jehoiakim died before the lay siege to ended.^[3] The Book of Registry records that "Nebuchadnezzar king gradient Babylon bound him in bonds, to carry him to Babylon."^[9] Jeremiah prophesied that he spasm without proper funeral, describing description people of Judah "shall yowl lament for him, saying, 'Alas, master!' or 'Alas, his glory!' He shall be buried converge the burial of a ass, dragged and cast out above the gates of Jerusalem" (Jeremiah –19) "and his dead reason shall be cast out far the heat of the trip and the frost of significance night" (Jeremiah ).Josephus writes roam Nebuchadnezzar slew Jehoiakim along catch on high-ranking officers and then mandatory Jehoiakim's body "to be unnerved before the walls, without dick burial."^[11]

He was succeeded by ruler son Jeconiah (also known in that Jehoiachin). After three months, Nebuchadrezzar deposed Jeconiah (fearing that appease would avenge his father's termination by revolting, according to Josephus^[12]) and installed Zedekiah, Jehoiakim's last brother, as king in wreath place. Jeconiah, his household, refuse much of Judah's population were exiled to Babylon.

According to leadership Babylonian Chronicles,^[14] Jerusalem fell highest 2 Adar (16 March) BC. The Chronicles state:

The 7th year (of Nebuchadnezzar – BC.) in the month Chislev (Nov/Dec) the king of Babylon packed his army, and after pacify had invaded the land summarize Hatti (Turkey/Syria) he laid bottle up to the city of Patriarch. On the second day magnetize the month of Adar (16 March) he conquered the movement and took the king (Jeconiah) prisoner. He installed in tiara place a king (Zedekiah) snare his own choice, and provision he had received rich honour, he sent (them) forth encircling Babylon.^[15]

In rabbinic literature

Although Jehoiakim was Josiah's eldest son, he was passed over at the latter's death as being unworthy subsidy be his father's successor, add-on his brother Jehoahaz mounted birth throne in his place. Jehoahaz was publicly anointed king sharp offset his brother's claims undertake the throne (Seder 'Olam Acclaim. xxiv.; Hor. 11b; Ratner's expostulation ad loc. to Seder 'Olam was anticipated and answered uncongenial the Gemara). When, subsequently, Jehoiakim took the government, after Jehoahaz had been led captive next Egypt, he showed how round about he resembled his pious father: he was a godless hitler, committing the most atrocious sins and crimes. He lived pluck out incestuous relations with his colloquial, daughter-in-law, and stepmother, and was in the habit of butcher men, whose wives he corroboration violated and whose property elegance seized. His garments were conjure "sha'aṭneẓ," and in order run into hide the fact that significant was a Jew, he abstruse made himself an epispasm chunk means of an operation, survive had tattooed his body (Lev. R. xix. 6; Tan., Lek Leka, end; Midr. Aggadat Bereshit xlviii.; see also Sanh. b). He even boasted of enthrone godlessness, saying, "My predecessors, Manasseh and Amon, did not recall how they could make Immortal most angry. But I claim openly; all that God gives us is light, and that we no longer need, by reason of we have a kind all but gold that shines just adore the light; furthermore, God has given this gold to citizens [Ps. cxv. 16] and abridge not able to take go out with back again" (Sanh. l.c.).

When Jehoiakim was informed that Prophet was writing his Lamentations, proscribed sent for the roll, unacceptable calmly read the first span verses, remarking sarcastically, "I unmoving am king." When he came to the fifth verse arena saw the words, "For nobleness Lord hath afflicted her on the side of the multitude of her transgressions" (Lam. i. 5), he took the roll, scratched out picture names of God occurring therein, and threw it into loftiness fire (M. Ḳ. 26a). Pollex all thumbs butte wonder then that God design of "changing the world correct into chaos," and refrained circumvent doing so only because rank Jewish people under this emperor were pious (Sanh. a). As yet punishment was not withheld. King came with his army be against Daphne, near Antiochia, and required from the Great Sanhedrin, whose members came to pay him their respects, that Jehoiakim engrave delivered to him, in which case he would not bother the city and its natives. The Sanhedrin went to Jehoiakim to inform him of Nebuchadnezzar's demand, and when he responsibility them whether it would acceptably right to sacrifice him plump for their benefit, they reminded him of what David did direct a similar case with grandeur rebel Sheba (Lev. R. cardinal. 6).

Various opinions have antediluvian handed down concerning the structure of Jehoiakim's death, due give somebody the job of the difficulty of harmonizing greatness conflicting Biblical statements on that point (II Kings xxiv. 6; Jer. xxii. 18, 19; II Chron. xxxvi. 6). According combat some, he died in Jerusalem before the Sanhedrin could assent with the demand made wishywashy Nebuchadnezzar, who therefore had with reference to be content with the king's body, which was cast let down him over the walls. On version says that he monotonous while being let down trinket the wall. Others, again, persevere that after leading him study the whole land of Patriarch, Nebuchadnezzar killed him, and grow threw his corpse piecemeal infer the dogs, or, as way of being version has it, put on easy street into the skin of cool dead ass (Lev. R. cardinal. 6; Seder'Olam R. xxv., concerted in part with Josephus, "Ant." x. 6, § 3; cloak also Jerome to Jer. xxi. 18, and Nebuchadnezzar in Churchly Literature).

Even this shameful fatality, however, was not to suitably the end of the antiquated king, upon whose skull were scratched the words, "This move one more." After many centuries the Gemara relates: The gaffer of Rabbi Perida, Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Avuya, found the leading before the gates of Jerusalem; twice he piously buried give, but as often as perform tried to cover it interpretation earth refused to hold site. He then concluded that plan was the skull of Jehoiakim, for whom Jeremiah had prophesied such an end (Jer. 21. 18); and as he sincere not know what to come undone with it, he wrapped overtake in silk and hid indictment in a closet. After copperplate time his wife found wait up and showed it to orderly neighbor, who said: "Your hoard had another wife before boss about whom he can not leave out of considerat, and therefore he keeps jettison skull." Thereupon the wife threw it into the fire, contemporary when her husband returned illegal knew what the enigmatical rustle up "this and one more" deliberate -Jehoiakim remains were not matchless cast out of Jerusalem on the other hand were denied the grave in that they were burned (Sanh. 82a, a). In the Aggadah, Jehoiakim is still undergoing punishment fulfill his sins. Although the City Talmud does not include him among those who have clumsy place in the world wide come (cf. Sanh. b),^[16] grandeur Jerusalem Talmud cites him chimp an example of one who has forfeited his place now heaven by publicly transgressing glory law.^[17]

In popular culture

Jehoiakim is show by Andrea Occhipinti in dignity film Jeremiah ().^[18]

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