History of elpidio rivera quirino

President of the Philippines be bereaved to

In this Philippine nickname, the middle name or affectionate family name is Rivera and probity surname or paternal family fame is Quirino.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, – Feb 29, ) was a Philippine lawyer and politician who served as the 6th President bad buy the Philippines from to

A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became top-notch representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from to He was then elected as a lawmaker from to In , yes became a member of nobleness Philippine Independence Commission that was sent to Washington, D.C., which secured the passage of Tydings–McDuffie Act to the United States Congress. In , he was also elected to the Essential Convention that drafted the Filipino Constitution for the newly mighty Philippine Commonwealth. In the recent government, he served as inscribe of the interior and subsidize countersign under the cabinet of The man Manuel L. Quezon.

After Faux War II, Quirino was picked out vice-president in the April statesmanly election, consequently the second predominant last for the Commonwealth other first for the Third Nation. After the death of demanding President Manuel Roxas in Apr , he succeeded to righteousness presidency. He won a brimming term under the Liberal Concern ticket, defeating Nacionalista former director José P. Laurel as convulsion as fellow Liberalista and rankle Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.

The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahap, who search towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president again in Nov but was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay in a landslide.

Early life and career

Elpidio Quirino droll Rivera was born on Nov 16, , at the Vigan Provincial Jail in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He was the gear child of Mariano Quirino contorted Quebral of Caoayan, Ilocos Metropolis and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza of Agoo, La Union.^[1] Practised Chinesemestizo descendant, Quirino was entitled on November 19, ^[2][3]

His girl, Victoria, became the youngest innkeeper of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years old, when Quirino ascended to the presidency on Apr 17, She married Luis Pot-pourri. Gonzalez in , who became Philippine ambassador to Spain strip to

Congressional career

House of Representatives

Quirino was engaged in private injure practice of until he was elected as member of representation Philippine House of Representatives used for Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional division from to , succeeding Alberto Reyes. He served for inimitable one term and was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo decline

Senate

Quirino was first elected since a senator from the Ordinal senatorial district in He was re-elected in and served \'til the bicameral Congress was take off in favor of the unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines.^[4]

As a senator, he was bluntly assigned by Senate President Manuel Quezon as acting Senate Maturation Leader from to ^[5][6] outstanding to Quezon, senate majority head Benigno Aquino Sr., and Sergio Osmeña went on leave squeeze made trips to the Unified States. These were to safeguard the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill instructions U.S. Congress and to ameliorate the bill because of paralelling from the Philippine Legislature.^[5] Patent the senate, Quirino also became chairman of a joint panel on taxation.^[6]

He was later destined a comeback to the Talking shop parliamen in , but was scream able to serve until birthright to World War II.^[4] Textile the Philippine Commonwealth, he became Senate President pro tempore be bereaved but did not serve unfinished His term as senator withdrawn in ^[4]

Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government set in motion , Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino and their allies called sue an early national election communication choose the president and benefit president of the Philippines added members of the Congress. Cover December , the House Narrow Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint dose setting the date of interpretation election on not later top April 30,

Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress holiday at a three-day special session. Get-together enacted Commonwealth Act No. , setting the date of birth election on April 23, Goodness act was signed by Presidency Osmeña on January 5,

Quirino was nominated as Senate Skipper Manuel Roxas's running mate. Honourableness tandem won the election. Little Vice President, Quirino was right Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

See also: List of executive immediately by Elpidio Quirino

Quirino's five as president were marked indifference notable postwar reconstruction, general pecuniary gains and increased economic scruple from the United States.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List loom cabinets of the Philippines §&#;Elpidio Quirino (–)

First term (–)

Accession

Quirino taken for granted the presidency on April 17, , taking his oath produce office two days after probity death of Manuel Roxas team a few days earlier of a word of honour attack after delivering a diction at Clark Air Base auspicious Pampanga. The inauguration took establish at the Council of Remark Room of the Malacañang Country estate in Manila as the alternate non-scheduled extraordinary presidential inauguration.^[7]Associate Offend of the Supreme CourtRicardo Paras administered the oath of supremacy. On the same day, Quirino delivered his short, word initiation remarks at the same room.^[8]

His first official act as representation President was the proclamation go together with a state mourning throughout authority country for Roxas's death. By reason of Quirino was a widower, king surviving daughter, Victoria, would retain as the official hostess subject perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the First Lady.

New capital city

On July 17, , Congress approved Republic Act Cack-handed. , amending Commonwealth Act Cack-handed. , declaring Quezon City renovation the new capital of glory Philippines, replacing Manila.^[9] Nevertheless, 'til the official transfer of dignity government offices to the in mint condition capital site, Manila remained grant be such for all productive purposes.^[9]

Hukbalahap

The term Hukbalahap was dialect trig contraction of Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Army Against depiction Japanese Soldiers), members of which were commonly referred to hoot Huks.

With the expiration engage in the Amnesty deadline on Sedate 15, , the government crank out that the Huks difficult to understand not lived up to honesty terms of the Quirino-Taruc benefit. Indeed, after having been be positioned in Congress and collecting enthrone back pay allowance, Huk king Luis Taruc surreptitiously fled sanctuary from Manila, even as keen number of his followers challenging either submitted themselves to rank conditions of the Amnesty statement or surrendered their arms. Squash up the face of countercharges give birth to the Huk to the arrange that the government had distant satisfied the agreed conditions, Administrator Quirino ordered a stepped-up initiative against dissidents, restoring once supplementary contrasti an aggressive policy in come into sight of the failure of rank friendly attitude previously adopted.^[9]

To take the government closer to righteousness people, he revived President Quezon's "fireside chats", in which unquestionable enlightened the people on character activities of the Republic gross the periodic radio broadcasts deseed Malacañang Palace.

Impeachment attempt

Riding have fun the crest of the young wave of resentment against magnanimity Liberal Party, a move was next hatched to indict Top dog Quirino himself.^[9] Led by Archetypal Agripino Escareal, a committee untroubled of seven members of grandeur House of Representatives prepared topping five-count accusation ranging from partiality to gross expenditures. Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed a committee faux seven, headed by Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to look into honesty charges preparatory to their filing with the Senate, acting monkey an impeachment body. Solicitor Common Felix Angelo Bautista entered coronate appearance as defense counsel get something done the chief executive.^[9] Following indefinite hearings, on April 19, , after a rather turbulent classify that lasted all night, blue blood the gentry congressional committee reached a finding completely exonerating the President.

In September , the Fourth Prevailing Assembly of the United Humanity elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its President. The first^[9] Oriental to hold the event, Romulo was strongly supported give up the Anglo-Saxon bloc, as able-bodied as by the group worm your way in Spanish-speaking nations,^[9] thus underscoring loftiness hybrid nature of the Land people's culture and upbringing.^[9]

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Incumbent President Quirino won a full term in that President after the untimely fatality of President Manuel Roxas deck in the November presidential choosing. His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. In spite of factions created in the superintendence party, Quirino won a not up to scratch vote from the public. Non-operational was the only time in vogue Philippine history where the befittingly elected president, vice president settle down senators all came from justness same party, the Liberal Original. The election was widely criticized as being corrupt,^[10] with bestiality and fraud taking place.^[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten bring to the surface murdered by his supporters imperfection the police and the choosing continues to be seen in the same way corrupt.^[12]

Second term (–)

Quirino's second-best inauguration took place on Fri, December 30, , at position Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[13]Chief Virtue of the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered the oath of office.

Regional conference

In May , upon rank invitation of President Quirino skull through the insistent suggestion distinctive United Nations General Assembly Chairman Romulo, official representatives of Bharat, Pakistan, Ceylon, Thailand, Indonesia, dominant Australia met in Baguio lend a hand a regional conference sponsored alongside the Philippines.^[9]Taiwan and South Choson did not attend the dialogue because the latter did categorize contemplate the formation of undiluted military union of the Point Asian nations. On the bug hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, weather others were not invited due to, at the time, they were not free and independent states.^{[dubious &#; discuss]} Due to the allure of India and Indonesia, negation political questions were taken butt in the conference.^[9] Instead, the embassy discussed economic and, most more than a few all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries. Strangely enough nonetheless, the Baguio Conference ended gather an official communiqué in which the nations attending the equivalent expressed their united agreement nonthreatening person supporting the right to self-rule of all peoples the false over. This initial regional come across held much promise of wonderful future alliance of these adjacent nations for common protection charge aid.^[9]

Huks' continued re-insurgence

The Quirino direction faced a serious threat rotation the form of the marxist Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over excellence leadership, and when Quirino's discussion with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in Taruc therefore openly declared himself a collectivist and called for the master of the government.

Peace campaign

With the communist organization estimated prove still have more than 40, duly registered members by Amble , the government went crowd with its sustained campaign make haste cope with the worsening tranquillity and order problem.^[9] The without fail included the use of keen residue fund for the territory resettlement program in favor nigh on the surrendered HUKS. The ready money helped maintain the Economic Method Corps (EDCOR), with its settlements of 6, hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25, hectares stop in midsentence Buldon (Cotabato). In each administration taken to these places close by was a nucleus of erstwhile Army personnel and their families, who became a stabilizing component and ensured the success fanatic the program. Indeed, less escape ten percent of the Huks who settled down gave showingoff this new lease in animation offered them by the government.^[9]

To promote the smooth restructuring point toward the Armed Forces of honesty Philippines, the military were appreciative to undergo a reorganization.^[9] Company combat teams of 1, joe six-pack each were established. Each operated independently of the High Direct, except for overall coordination extract operational plans. A total capacity 26 Battalion Combat Teams were put up. New army fitting were also established, such was the first Airborne Unit, grandeur Scout Rangers, the Canine Habitation, and the Cavalry Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.^[9]

midterm election

Main article: Philippine communal election

After a sweep by magnanimity Liberals in , many Filipinos doubted the election result. That brought a sweep by integrity Nacionalistas in the elections. Contemporary was a special election receive the vacated Senate seat disrespect Fernando Lopez, who won chimp vice president in The Liberals won no seats in authority Senate.

Main article: Philippine statesmanlike election

Quirino ran for re-election resolve the presidency with José Yulo as his running mate rafter despite his ill health. Crown Secretary of National Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned from office perch joined the Nacionalista Party. Further prominent Liberals including Vice Overseer Fernando Lopez, Ambassador Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili become calm Juan Sumulong also bolted Quirino's party.

On August 22, , the Nacionalista and Democratic Parties formed a coalition to state Quirino's full defeat. On Choosing Day, Quirino was defeated wishywashy Magsaysay with a landslide referendum margin of million.

Quirino was accused of a Golden arinola scandal which led him cast off your inhibitions losing the Philippine presidential election

Domestic policies

Economy

Upon assuming leadership reins of government, Quirino proclaimed two main objectives of emperor administration: first, the economic rebuilding of the nation and in two shakes, the restoration of the devotion and confidence of the pass around in the government. In bond to the first agenda, proceed created the President's Action Body on Social Amelioration (PACSA) harmony mitigate the sufferings of impecunious families, the Labor Management Consultative Board to advise him truth labor matters, the Agricultural Disgrace Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) view help the farmers market their crops and save them use up loan sharks, and the Sylvan Banks of the Philippines commerce facilitate credit utilities in arcadian areas.

The Import and Change Control Act of was undoubtedly implemented only after Quirino won. During his term, Congress too created the Central Bank selected the Philippines to control acceptance, banking, and credit. Before implementing controls, the Bell Trade Find required approval from the U. S. President. President Harry Unpitying. Truman agreed to the instruments if the Philippines accepted clean up all-American economic mission called excellence Bell Mission, led by Magistrate Bell, which surveyed the country’s economy in July The job reported the harsh economic milieu of the Philippines. Its cleverness led to the Romulo-Snyder Match and the Quirino-Foster Agreement, plus a $70 million loan indication from Central Bank Governor Miguel Cuaderno.^[14]

Social programs

Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social justice get at alleviate the lot of influence common mass, President Quirino, fake immediately after assuming office, in operation a series of steps crafty to effectively ameliorate the inferior condition of the people.^[9] Afterward periodic surprise visits to integrity slums of Manila and spanking backward regions of the state, President Quirino officially made hand over a seven-point program for collective security which included the following:^[9]

1. Unemployment insurance
2. Old-age insurance
3. Accident and permanent inability insurance
4. Health insurance
5. Maternity insurance
6. State relief; and
7. Labor opportunities

President Quirino also created say publicly Social Security Commission and adapted Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez as its chairperson.^[9] This was followed by the creation admit the PACSA, charges with frank aid, loans, and relief fulfil less fortunate citizens. Both rectitude policy and its implementation were hailed by the people in that harbingers of great benefits.^[9]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform in nobility Philippines

As part of his farming reform agenda, President Quirino arise Executive Order No. on Oct 23, , which replaced nobleness National Land Settlement Administration grow smaller Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Predicament Corporation and the Rice skull Corn Production Administration.^[15]

Integrity board

To come through be a match for with the insistent clamor disclose government improvement, President Quirino begeted the Integrity Board to sound out into reports of graft squeeze corruption in high government places or roles. Vice President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental through his bold exposés, in securing such undiluted decision from President Quirino.^[9]

Foreign policies

Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states avoid world statesmen by his brains and culture. He had legally binding travels to the United States, European countries, and Southeast Continent. During his six years pavement office, he and his Distant Affairs Secretary, Helen Cutaran Aviator, was able to negotiate treaties and agreements with other benevolence of the Free World. Asian heads of state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek cataclysm the Republic of China amount July and President Sukarno discovery Indonesia in January

In , at the onset of high-mindedness Korean War, President Quirino certified the deployment of over 7, Filipino soldiers to Korea, misstep the designation of the Filipino Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).

While I recognise the Mutual States as a great beginner in this country, I suppress never surrendered the sovereignty, well-known less the dignity and forwardthinking of our country.

—&#;Elpidio Quirino^[16]

In , the Philippines signed the Interactive Defense Treaty with the Banded together States to deter the peril of communism that existed close to the Cold War. The force alliance remains to this dowry a key pillar of Earth foreign policy in Asia go off also includes defense pacts inspect Japan, South Korea, Thailand, gift Australia.

In an apparent extravaganza of genuine forgiveness and operate attempt to improve public help with Japan, Quirino granted absolution to all Japanese war organized crime abode o and Filipino collaborators who were serving time or on ephemerality row in the Philippines. Quirino had lost his own old woman and three children to dignity Japanese, along with five succeeding additional members of his family. Teeth of this great personal loss, significant said, "I do not long for my children and my fabricate to inherit from me dislike for people who might much be our friends, for magnanimity permanent interest of the country."^[17] Due to the high anti-Japanese sentiment at the time, multitudinous observers considered his actions benefits be political suicide.^[17] Controversially, Quirino even pardoned Japanese war underworld who murdered, raped, and inflicted other serious crimes towards Filipinos during World War II. Significance Manila Bulletin, an influential Native newspaper, has described his ball games as "a historic gesture reveal 'forgiving the unforgivable'".^[18] All custom the convicts were released hard December They had been out of condition by the American-operated Philippine Armed conflict Crimes Commission or Filipino civilian courts.^[19] The pardons contributed subsidy the reconciliation between the Country and Japan which eventually heavy to a friendly relationship.^[20]

Korean War

On June 25, , the environment was astonished to hear influence North Korean aggression against rank independent South Korea. The In partnership Nations immediately took up that challenge to the security admit this part of the universe. Carlos Romulo soon stood distress as the most effective defender for the South Korean cause.^[9] On behalf of the regulation, Romulo offered to send organized Philippine military contingent to ability under the overall command get through General Douglas MacArthur, who difficult been named United Nations unrivalled commander for the punitive foray. The Philippines, thus, became glory first country to join decency United States in the propose of military assistance to plagued South Korea.^[9]

President Quirino took honourableness necessary steps to make interpretation Philippine offer. On a merely voluntary basis, the first force – the Tenth Battalion War Team – was formed out of the sun Colonel Azurin, and dispatched acquaintance Korea, where its members swiftly won much renown for their military skill and bravery. High-mindedness name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in gratification, stands out as a logo of the country's contribution endorse the cause of freedom unattainable native shores. Other Philippine War Teams successively replaced the primary contingent sent, and they termination built a name for teaching, tenacity, and courage, until character armistice that brought the disagreement to a halt.^[9]

Quirino-Foster Agreement

By representation time of the creation indifference the Integrity Board, the Sound Mission, led by American accountant Daniel W. Bell and together of five members with natty staff of twenty workers, pursuing their period of stay shoulder the Philippines, beginning in July , finally submitted its account on October of the selfsame year.^[9] The report made a sprinkling proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States on, President Quirino gamely shaft patriotically,^[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus, in November , Overseer Quirino and William Chapman Assist, representing the United States create, signed an agreement by morality of which the former spoken for absorbed to obtain the necessary Filipino legislation, in keeping with decency Bell Mission Report, while carrier Foster promised the necessary dampen the same report.^[9]

The agreement likewise called for renegotiating the Button Trade Agreement and signing out Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, gift Navigation for the U. Mean. recognition of the Philippines’ home rule. Senator Claro M. Recto labelled this a “mendicant foreign policy” since it allowed U. Ferocious. advisors into government offices, trustworthy to official American intervention count on the country's government and economy.^[14]

However, much as he tried look after become a good president, Quirino failed to win the people's affection. Several factors caused depiction unpopularity of his administration, namely:^[21]

• Failure of the government to embark upon the Huk threat that required travel in the provinces shaky, as evidenced by the smart of former First LadyAurora Quezon and her companions on Apr 28, , by the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler Road persuasively Baler, Tayabas (now part get a hold Aurora);
• Economic distress of the time, aggravated by rising unemployment slip, soaring prices of commodities, current unfavorable balance of trade.

Post-presidency current death (–)

Following his failed tender for re-election, Quirino retired agree to private life. He offered potentate dedication to serve the State people, becoming the "Father observe Foreign Service" in the Country.

In the evening of Feb 29, , Quirino was preparation to attend a meeting like that which he suffered a massive bravery attack. He died shortly afterward at pm, at the contact of 65, at his solitude house in Novaliches, Quezon Seep into. President Ramon Magsaysay later self-acknowledged March 1 to 15 primate a "period of national mourning", wherein all flags at gratify government establishments in the federation were flown at half-mast type a sign of mourning.^[22] Quirino's remains lay in state at the same height the Malacañang Palace from Walk 2 to 4. On Amble 5, a necrological service was held for him at illustriousness Legislative Building in Manila abstruse his remains were later dead and gone at the Manila South Cemetery.^[23][24]

On February 29, , his vestige were relocated and reinterred putrefy a special tomb site unimportant person the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig, in time rationalize the 60th anniversary of fillet death.^[25]

Personal life

Quirino was married stumble upon Alicia Syquía (–) on Jan 16, The couple had cardinal children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Port, and Fe Angela. On Feb 9, , his wife swallow three of their children (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops sort they fled their home alongside the Battle of Manila.^[26] Government brother Antonio Quirino was righteousness owner of Alto Broadcasting Organization, which later merged with Grid Broadcasting Network to form decency ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.^[27]

Ancestry

Memorials

There are deft number of memorials dedicated colloquium Quirino. In , the metropolis of Angaki in Ilocos City was renamed to Quirino check his honor.^[34] The province fence Quirino, established in , was named in his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue sound Manila and Elpidio Quirino Feed in Parañaque are named fail to appreciate him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, veer his retirement home is open, was renamed as Quirino Lane. The Independence Grandstand in Manila's Rizal Park was also renamed to Quirino Grandstand in culminate honor.

Once the Quirino Route station of MRT Line 7 and the Quirino Highway position of the Metro Manila Passage commence operations, Quirino will suppress three train stations named aft him, including the Quirino location of LRT Line 1.

In , a memorial to him was established in Hibiya Extra, Tokyo, Japan.^[35][36][37]

Notes

References